Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal

Gad Papin Oholiab Namndiro; Jean Augustin Diégane Tine; Abdourahmane Sow; Ibrahima Seck

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13

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Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal

Gad Papin Oholiab Namndiro^*

, Jean Augustin Diégane Tine

, Abdourahmane Sow

, Ibrahima Seck

Published in Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 11, Issue 3)

Received: 20 April 2025 Accepted: 6 May 2025 Published: 18 June 2025

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Abstract

Mental health among students in Senegal remains an under-explored area, with limited research and prevention efforts. At the African Center for Higher Studies in Management (CESAG), students face high academic demands, highlighting the importance of investigating stress, anxiety, and depression within this population. This study aimed to identify factors associated with anxiety-depressive states, specifically stress, anxiety and depression, among CESAG students. A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July 22 to August 23, 2024. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire. Stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) score, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score, respectively. Data analysis was performed using RStudio (version 2024.12.1.563). Informed and voluntary consent of the participants was ensured. A total of 426 students completed the online questionnaire. The mean age was 23.4 years. Stress was observed in 45.6% of students, anxiety in 21.4%, and depression in 35.4%. Risk factors for stress included belonging to the [20-25 years[ age group (ORa = 5.68, 95%CI [1.67-19.31]) or the ≥30 years group (ORa = 8.8, 95%CI [1.5-51.64]), poor sleep quality (ORa = 7.05, 95%CI [2.32-21.44]), low financial income (ORa = 11.23, 95%CI [4.34-29.06]), low self-esteem (ORa = 15.13, 95%CI [3.18-72.13]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 7.96, 95%CI [2.83-22.4]), a negative emotional state (ORa = 4.7, 95%CI [1.64-13.46]), and the absence of physical activity (ORa = 5.03, 95%CI [1.88-13.49]). Living alone was a protective factor against anxiety among students (ORa = 0.16, 95%CI [0.09-0.29]). Depression was associated with several risk factors: poor sleep quality (ORa = 8.07, 95%CI [2.72-23.88]), low financial income (ORa = 4.38, 95%CI [1.42-13.48]), living alone (ORa = 3.53, 95%CI [1.1-11.34]), poor diet (ORa = 13.03, 95%CI [3.84-44.18]), low self-esteem (ORa = 18.21; 95%CI [2.62-126.41]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 9.19, 95%CI [1.66-51.01]), and a negative emotional state (ORa = 5.54, 95%CI [1.64-18.71]). A passive coping style was found to be protective (ORa = 0.25, 95%CI [0.08-0.8]). These findings emphasize the importance of preventive strategies to promote CESAG students’ mental health and well-being. Targeted awareness campaigns and psychological support are essential to achieving this goal.

Published in	Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 11, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13
Page(s)	113-134
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Stress, Anxiety, Depression, PSS, GAD-7, PHQ-9

References

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Namndiro, G. P. O., Tine, J. A. D., Sow, A., Seck, I. (2025). Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal. Central African Journal of Public Health, 11(3), 113-134. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13

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Namndiro, G. P. O.; Tine, J. A. D.; Sow, A.; Seck, I. Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2025, 11(3), 113-134. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13

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AMA Style

Namndiro GPO, Tine JAD, Sow A, Seck I. Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2025;11(3):113-134. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13

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@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13,
  author = {Gad Papin Oholiab Namndiro and Jean Augustin Diégane Tine and Abdourahmane Sow and Ibrahima Seck},
  title = {Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal
},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {113-134},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20251103.13},
  abstract = {Mental health among students in Senegal remains an under-explored area, with limited research and prevention efforts. At the African Center for Higher Studies in Management (CESAG), students face high academic demands, highlighting the importance of investigating stress, anxiety, and depression within this population. This study aimed to identify factors associated with anxiety-depressive states, specifically stress, anxiety and depression, among CESAG students. A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July 22 to August 23, 2024. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire. Stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) score, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score, respectively. Data analysis was performed using RStudio (version 2024.12.1.563). Informed and voluntary consent of the participants was ensured. A total of 426 students completed the online questionnaire. The mean age was 23.4 years. Stress was observed in 45.6% of students, anxiety in 21.4%, and depression in 35.4%. Risk factors for stress included belonging to the [20-25 years[ age group (ORa = 5.68, 95%CI [1.67-19.31]) or the ≥30 years group (ORa = 8.8, 95%CI [1.5-51.64]), poor sleep quality (ORa = 7.05, 95%CI [2.32-21.44]), low financial income (ORa = 11.23, 95%CI [4.34-29.06]), low self-esteem (ORa = 15.13, 95%CI [3.18-72.13]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 7.96, 95%CI [2.83-22.4]), a negative emotional state (ORa = 4.7, 95%CI [1.64-13.46]), and the absence of physical activity (ORa = 5.03, 95%CI [1.88-13.49]). Living alone was a protective factor against anxiety among students (ORa = 0.16, 95%CI [0.09-0.29]). Depression was associated with several risk factors: poor sleep quality (ORa = 8.07, 95%CI [2.72-23.88]), low financial income (ORa = 4.38, 95%CI [1.42-13.48]), living alone (ORa = 3.53, 95%CI [1.1-11.34]), poor diet (ORa = 13.03, 95%CI [3.84-44.18]), low self-esteem (ORa = 18.21; 95%CI [2.62-126.41]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 9.19, 95%CI [1.66-51.01]), and a negative emotional state (ORa = 5.54, 95%CI [1.64-18.71]). A passive coping style was found to be protective (ORa = 0.25, 95%CI [0.08-0.8]). These findings emphasize the importance of preventive strategies to promote CESAG students’ mental health and well-being. Targeted awareness campaigns and psychological support are essential to achieving this goal.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal

AU  - Gad Papin Oholiab Namndiro
AU  - Jean Augustin Diégane Tine
AU  - Abdourahmane Sow
AU  - Ibrahima Seck
Y1  - 2025/06/18
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13
T2  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JF  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JO  - Central African Journal of Public Health
SP  - 113
EP  - 134
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5781
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13
AB  - Mental health among students in Senegal remains an under-explored area, with limited research and prevention efforts. At the African Center for Higher Studies in Management (CESAG), students face high academic demands, highlighting the importance of investigating stress, anxiety, and depression within this population. This study aimed to identify factors associated with anxiety-depressive states, specifically stress, anxiety and depression, among CESAG students. A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July 22 to August 23, 2024. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire. Stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) score, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score, respectively. Data analysis was performed using RStudio (version 2024.12.1.563). Informed and voluntary consent of the participants was ensured. A total of 426 students completed the online questionnaire. The mean age was 23.4 years. Stress was observed in 45.6% of students, anxiety in 21.4%, and depression in 35.4%. Risk factors for stress included belonging to the [20-25 years[ age group (ORa = 5.68, 95%CI [1.67-19.31]) or the ≥30 years group (ORa = 8.8, 95%CI [1.5-51.64]), poor sleep quality (ORa = 7.05, 95%CI [2.32-21.44]), low financial income (ORa = 11.23, 95%CI [4.34-29.06]), low self-esteem (ORa = 15.13, 95%CI [3.18-72.13]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 7.96, 95%CI [2.83-22.4]), a negative emotional state (ORa = 4.7, 95%CI [1.64-13.46]), and the absence of physical activity (ORa = 5.03, 95%CI [1.88-13.49]). Living alone was a protective factor against anxiety among students (ORa = 0.16, 95%CI [0.09-0.29]). Depression was associated with several risk factors: poor sleep quality (ORa = 8.07, 95%CI [2.72-23.88]), low financial income (ORa = 4.38, 95%CI [1.42-13.48]), living alone (ORa = 3.53, 95%CI [1.1-11.34]), poor diet (ORa = 13.03, 95%CI [3.84-44.18]), low self-esteem (ORa = 18.21; 95%CI [2.62-126.41]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 9.19, 95%CI [1.66-51.01]), and a negative emotional state (ORa = 5.54, 95%CI [1.64-18.71]). A passive coping style was found to be protective (ORa = 0.25, 95%CI [0.08-0.8]). These findings emphasize the importance of preventive strategies to promote CESAG students’ mental health and well-being. Targeted awareness campaigns and psychological support are essential to achieving this goal.

VL  - 11
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Gad Papin Oholiab Namndiro

Management of Companies and other Organizations, African Center for Higher Studies in Management (CESAG), Dakar, Senegal; Institute of Health and Development (ISED), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry (FMPO), Cheikh Anta DIOP University (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal

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http://orcid.org/0009-0002-6969-869X
Jean Augustin Diégane Tine

Institute of Health and Development (ISED), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry (FMPO), Cheikh Anta DIOP University (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal; Mental Health Department (DSM), Ministry of Health and Social Action (MSAS), Dakar, Senegal

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-7548
Abdourahmane Sow

Institute of Health and Development (ISED), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry (FMPO), Cheikh Anta DIOP University (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal; Public Health Department (DSP), Pasteur Institute of Dakar (IPD), Dakar, Senegal

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-5817
Ibrahima Seck

Institute of Health and Development (ISED), Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry (FMPO), Cheikh Anta DIOP University (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal

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APA Style

Namndiro, G. P. O., Tine, J. A. D., Sow, A., Seck, I. (2025). Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal. Central African Journal of Public Health, 11(3), 113-134. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13

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ACS Style

Namndiro, G. P. O.; Tine, J. A. D.; Sow, A.; Seck, I. Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2025, 11(3), 113-134. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13

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AMA Style

Namndiro GPO, Tine JAD, Sow A, Seck I. Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2025;11(3):113-134. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13

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@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13,
  author = {Gad Papin Oholiab Namndiro and Jean Augustin Diégane Tine and Abdourahmane Sow and Ibrahima Seck},
  title = {Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal
},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {113-134},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20251103.13},
  abstract = {Mental health among students in Senegal remains an under-explored area, with limited research and prevention efforts. At the African Center for Higher Studies in Management (CESAG), students face high academic demands, highlighting the importance of investigating stress, anxiety, and depression within this population. This study aimed to identify factors associated with anxiety-depressive states, specifically stress, anxiety and depression, among CESAG students. A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July 22 to August 23, 2024. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire. Stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) score, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score, respectively. Data analysis was performed using RStudio (version 2024.12.1.563). Informed and voluntary consent of the participants was ensured. A total of 426 students completed the online questionnaire. The mean age was 23.4 years. Stress was observed in 45.6% of students, anxiety in 21.4%, and depression in 35.4%. Risk factors for stress included belonging to the [20-25 years[ age group (ORa = 5.68, 95%CI [1.67-19.31]) or the ≥30 years group (ORa = 8.8, 95%CI [1.5-51.64]), poor sleep quality (ORa = 7.05, 95%CI [2.32-21.44]), low financial income (ORa = 11.23, 95%CI [4.34-29.06]), low self-esteem (ORa = 15.13, 95%CI [3.18-72.13]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 7.96, 95%CI [2.83-22.4]), a negative emotional state (ORa = 4.7, 95%CI [1.64-13.46]), and the absence of physical activity (ORa = 5.03, 95%CI [1.88-13.49]). Living alone was a protective factor against anxiety among students (ORa = 0.16, 95%CI [0.09-0.29]). Depression was associated with several risk factors: poor sleep quality (ORa = 8.07, 95%CI [2.72-23.88]), low financial income (ORa = 4.38, 95%CI [1.42-13.48]), living alone (ORa = 3.53, 95%CI [1.1-11.34]), poor diet (ORa = 13.03, 95%CI [3.84-44.18]), low self-esteem (ORa = 18.21; 95%CI [2.62-126.41]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 9.19, 95%CI [1.66-51.01]), and a negative emotional state (ORa = 5.54, 95%CI [1.64-18.71]). A passive coping style was found to be protective (ORa = 0.25, 95%CI [0.08-0.8]). These findings emphasize the importance of preventive strategies to promote CESAG students’ mental health and well-being. Targeted awareness campaigns and psychological support are essential to achieving this goal.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Management School Students in Senegal

AU  - Gad Papin Oholiab Namndiro
AU  - Jean Augustin Diégane Tine
AU  - Abdourahmane Sow
AU  - Ibrahima Seck
Y1  - 2025/06/18
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13
T2  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JF  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JO  - Central African Journal of Public Health
SP  - 113
EP  - 134
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5781
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20251103.13
AB  - Mental health among students in Senegal remains an under-explored area, with limited research and prevention efforts. At the African Center for Higher Studies in Management (CESAG), students face high academic demands, highlighting the importance of investigating stress, anxiety, and depression within this population. This study aimed to identify factors associated with anxiety-depressive states, specifically stress, anxiety and depression, among CESAG students. A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July 22 to August 23, 2024. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire. Stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) score, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score, respectively. Data analysis was performed using RStudio (version 2024.12.1.563). Informed and voluntary consent of the participants was ensured. A total of 426 students completed the online questionnaire. The mean age was 23.4 years. Stress was observed in 45.6% of students, anxiety in 21.4%, and depression in 35.4%. Risk factors for stress included belonging to the [20-25 years[ age group (ORa = 5.68, 95%CI [1.67-19.31]) or the ≥30 years group (ORa = 8.8, 95%CI [1.5-51.64]), poor sleep quality (ORa = 7.05, 95%CI [2.32-21.44]), low financial income (ORa = 11.23, 95%CI [4.34-29.06]), low self-esteem (ORa = 15.13, 95%CI [3.18-72.13]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 7.96, 95%CI [2.83-22.4]), a negative emotional state (ORa = 4.7, 95%CI [1.64-13.46]), and the absence of physical activity (ORa = 5.03, 95%CI [1.88-13.49]). Living alone was a protective factor against anxiety among students (ORa = 0.16, 95%CI [0.09-0.29]). Depression was associated with several risk factors: poor sleep quality (ORa = 8.07, 95%CI [2.72-23.88]), low financial income (ORa = 4.38, 95%CI [1.42-13.48]), living alone (ORa = 3.53, 95%CI [1.1-11.34]), poor diet (ORa = 13.03, 95%CI [3.84-44.18]), low self-esteem (ORa = 18.21; 95%CI [2.62-126.41]) or moderate self-esteem (ORa = 9.19, 95%CI [1.66-51.01]), and a negative emotional state (ORa = 5.54, 95%CI [1.64-18.71]). A passive coping style was found to be protective (ORa = 0.25, 95%CI [0.08-0.8]). These findings emphasize the importance of preventive strategies to promote CESAG students’ mental health and well-being. Targeted awareness campaigns and psychological support are essential to achieving this goal.

VL  - 11
IS  - 3
ER  -

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