Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Jinfeng Zhao

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12

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Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Jinfeng Zhao^*

Published in Science Discovery (Volume 13, Issue 5)

Received: 10 September 2025 Accepted: 18 October 2025 Published: 29 October 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the impact of estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) trajectory on cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). A retrospective cohort of 2,420 middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD from the Charls database between 2011 and 2015 was included. A cohort trajectory model was used to analyze ePWV trajectory. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze factors influencing cognitive function, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive power of ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the interaction between various factors and ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Results showed that 455 participants developed severe cognitive impairment. Among the ePWV trajectory groups, 23.52% of participants in the low-to-increasing group, 45.05% in the moderate-to-increasing group, and 31.43% in the high-to-increasing group experienced cognitive decline. Changes in ePWV trajectory were significantly associated with cognitive decline (P < 0.05), particularly in the high-to-increasing group (OR = 4.16, 95% CI: 3.122-5.549, Model 1; OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.269-3.021, Model 3; OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.007-2.498). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) results showed that the area under the curves (AUCs) for Models 1, 2, and 3 were 0.628, 0.713, and 0.785, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that educational level, age, systolic blood pressure, and BMI were significantly associated with cognitive function (P < 0.05). Except for BMI, no significant interactions between ePWV trajectory and other subgroup variables on cognitive function were observed (P > 0.05). Therefore, this study believes that changes in ePWV trajectory are closely related to cognitive decline in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease, and this indicator may serve as an economical and effective indicator for assessing severe cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD.

Published in	Science Discovery (Volume 13, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12
Page(s)	86-94
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Pulse Wave Velocity, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognitive Function, Group-based Trajectory Model

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APA Style

Zhao, J. (2025). Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Science Discovery, 13(5), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12

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ACS Style

Zhao, J. Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Sci. Discov. 2025, 13(5), 86-94. doi: 10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12

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AMA Style

Zhao J. Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Sci Discov. 2025;13(5):86-94. doi: 10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12,
  author = {Jinfeng Zhao},
  title = {Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
},
  journal = {Science Discovery},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  pages = {86-94},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sd.20251305.12},
  abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the impact of estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) trajectory on cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). A retrospective cohort of 2,420 middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD from the Charls database between 2011 and 2015 was included. A cohort trajectory model was used to analyze ePWV trajectory. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze factors influencing cognitive function, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive power of ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the interaction between various factors and ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Results showed that 455 participants developed severe cognitive impairment. Among the ePWV trajectory groups, 23.52% of participants in the low-to-increasing group, 45.05% in the moderate-to-increasing group, and 31.43% in the high-to-increasing group experienced cognitive decline. Changes in ePWV trajectory were significantly associated with cognitive decline (P P P > 0.05). Therefore, this study believes that changes in ePWV trajectory are closely related to cognitive decline in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease, and this indicator may serve as an economical and effective indicator for assessing severe cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

AU  - Jinfeng Zhao
Y1  - 2025/10/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12
T2  - Science Discovery
JF  - Science Discovery
JO  - Science Discovery
SP  - 86
EP  - 94
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2331-0650
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the impact of estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) trajectory on cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). A retrospective cohort of 2,420 middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD from the Charls database between 2011 and 2015 was included. A cohort trajectory model was used to analyze ePWV trajectory. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze factors influencing cognitive function, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive power of ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the interaction between various factors and ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Results showed that 455 participants developed severe cognitive impairment. Among the ePWV trajectory groups, 23.52% of participants in the low-to-increasing group, 45.05% in the moderate-to-increasing group, and 31.43% in the high-to-increasing group experienced cognitive decline. Changes in ePWV trajectory were significantly associated with cognitive decline (P P P > 0.05). Therefore, this study believes that changes in ePWV trajectory are closely related to cognitive decline in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease, and this indicator may serve as an economical and effective indicator for assessing severe cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD.

VL  - 13
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Jinfeng Zhao

School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

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Zhao, J. (2025). Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Science Discovery, 13(5), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12

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ACS Style

Zhao, J. Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Sci. Discov. 2025, 13(5), 86-94. doi: 10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12

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AMA Style

Zhao J. Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Sci Discov. 2025;13(5):86-94. doi: 10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12,
  author = {Jinfeng Zhao},
  title = {Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
},
  journal = {Science Discovery},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  pages = {86-94},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sd.20251305.12},
  abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the impact of estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) trajectory on cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). A retrospective cohort of 2,420 middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD from the Charls database between 2011 and 2015 was included. A cohort trajectory model was used to analyze ePWV trajectory. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze factors influencing cognitive function, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive power of ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the interaction between various factors and ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Results showed that 455 participants developed severe cognitive impairment. Among the ePWV trajectory groups, 23.52% of participants in the low-to-increasing group, 45.05% in the moderate-to-increasing group, and 31.43% in the high-to-increasing group experienced cognitive decline. Changes in ePWV trajectory were significantly associated with cognitive decline (P P P > 0.05). Therefore, this study believes that changes in ePWV trajectory are closely related to cognitive decline in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease, and this indicator may serve as an economical and effective indicator for assessing severe cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Changes in Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Trajectory on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

AU  - Jinfeng Zhao
Y1  - 2025/10/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12
T2  - Science Discovery
JF  - Science Discovery
JO  - Science Discovery
SP  - 86
EP  - 94
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2331-0650
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20251305.12
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the impact of estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) trajectory on cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). A retrospective cohort of 2,420 middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD from the Charls database between 2011 and 2015 was included. A cohort trajectory model was used to analyze ePWV trajectory. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze factors influencing cognitive function, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive power of ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the interaction between various factors and ePWV trajectory on cognitive function. Results showed that 455 participants developed severe cognitive impairment. Among the ePWV trajectory groups, 23.52% of participants in the low-to-increasing group, 45.05% in the moderate-to-increasing group, and 31.43% in the high-to-increasing group experienced cognitive decline. Changes in ePWV trajectory were significantly associated with cognitive decline (P P P > 0.05). Therefore, this study believes that changes in ePWV trajectory are closely related to cognitive decline in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease, and this indicator may serve as an economical and effective indicator for assessing severe cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients with CVD.

VL  - 13
IS  - 5
ER  -

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