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Evaluation of CD4 Cell Progression Among HIV Infected Children Initiating ART: A Case of Adama Referral Hospital and Medical College, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020
Pages:
1-6
Received:
12 December 2019
Accepted:
23 December 2019
Published:
8 April 2020
Abstract: Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) is a major cause of infant and childhood mortality and morbidity; without treatment about 50% of them will succumb to HIV/AIDS before the age of two years. HIV infected children should start ART in order to reduce AIDS related morbidity and mortality, or to improve their survival time. Effective therapies and reduced AIDS related morbidity and mortality have shifted the focus in pediatric human immune deficiency virus (HIV) from minimizing short-term disease progression to maintaining optimal long-term health. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictors of longitudinal CD4 cell progression of HIV infected children who were under ART. The study considered a cohort of 201 HIV infected children who were aged 15 years or younger and those were on ART from October 1, 2013 to March 30, 2017 at Adama Referral Hospital and Medical College. To analyze the data we employed exploratory data analysis and linear mixed effect model. The result from linear mixed effect model reviled that observation time, age, WHO clinical stage, history of TB, and functional status had significantly associated with mean change in the square root of CD4 cell count, and they are the predictor of longitudinal CD4 cell change.
Abstract: Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) is a major cause of infant and childhood mortality and morbidity; without treatment about 50% of them will succumb to HIV/AIDS before the age of two years. HIV infected children should start ART in order to reduce AIDS related morbidity and mortality, or to improve their survival time. Effective therapies and red...
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Cholera Outbreak Investigation in Four Districts of Kirkos Sub-city in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study
Tamiru Tadesse,
Belay Zawdie
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020
Pages:
7-14
Received:
2 December 2019
Accepted:
17 December 2019
Published:
23 April 2020
Abstract: Cholera is becoming a big problem in the world especially in African region including Ethiopia. The disease is very common in areas where there is inequity and lack of social development. The diseases affected the whole districts of the kirkos-sub-city, Addis Ababa. Hence, we are enforced to assess risk factors associated with cholera. Unmatched 1:2 case-control study on 50 confirmed cases and 100 controls was conducted from June 09, 2016 to September 2016. Data were collected through direct interviews using semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaires. Two data collectors and one supervisor were involved in data collection. Cases were selected from cholera treatment center line list and controls were selected from neighborhood of case using lottery method. Data were entered by Epi Info and analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Logistic regression was used to compute the crude and adjusted odds ratios for the factors associated with acquiring the AWD. A p-value of < 0.05 at 95%CI was considered to be statistically significant. The median and mode age in the study groups was 35.5 and 60 years old respectively with interquartile range from 28 to 54.25 years. The highest peak period for the outbreak was on July 4, 2016. Eating partially roasted meat [AOR=4.14, CI=1.11-15.46] and being male [AOR=8.57, CI=2.21-33.25] had significantly associated with the risk factors of accruing cholera. Whereas, regular hand washing with soap after defecation [AOR=0.23, CI=0.06-0.91], treating water before drinking by aqua tabs [AOR=0.08, CI=0.01-0.95] and boiling [AOR=0.23, CI=0.06-0.95] disposing house hold refuse at municipal site [AOR=0.11, CI=0.02-0.69] were protective against cholera. Eating partially roasted meat, regular hand washing with soap after defecation, disposing house hold refuse at municipal site, treating water before drinking by aqua tabs and boiling were possible risk factors associated with the outbreak. Hence, water, sanitation and hygiene offices should strictly work on the hygiene and availability of safe water at all levels.
Abstract: Cholera is becoming a big problem in the world especially in African region including Ethiopia. The disease is very common in areas where there is inequity and lack of social development. The diseases affected the whole districts of the kirkos-sub-city, Addis Ababa. Hence, we are enforced to assess risk factors associated with cholera. Unmatched 1:...
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Zinc Utilization and Associated Factors Among Under-five Children Having Acute Diarrhea in Kebri-dehar Town, Somali Region, Ethiopia-2017
Ebud Ayele,
Hagos Tasew,
Teklewoini Mariye,
Girmay Teklay,
Tadesse Alemayhu,
Frehiwot Mesfin
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020
Pages:
15-19
Received:
30 September 2019
Accepted:
14 October 2019
Published:
23 April 2020
Abstract: Introduction: Zinc with Oral Rehydration Solution was recommended for the management of children’s with acute diarrhea. Zinc can resist subsequent episodes of diarrhea for up to 2 - 3 months and decrease 23% mortality due to diarrhea. Therefore, zinc is one strategy to decrease child mortality in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, there is limited evidence regarding utilization of zinc and associated factors in the eastern part of Ethiopia, Somali region. Objective: To assess the magnitude of zinc utilization and associated factors in Somali region, eastern Ethiopia. Method: Community based cross-sectional study design in 2017 was applied. Simple random sampling was applied. Total sample size of 376 randomly selected under-five children who have been acute diarrheal were selected. Data was collected by face-to-face inter-viewer administered questionnaire by ten data collectors. The collected data was entered into EpiData3.1and then exported and analysed using SPSS20. Bivariate & multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with zinc utilization at confidence level of 95% and P-value less than 5% significant. Frequencies, proportion, summary statistics were used for presenting the result of the study. Result: Nearly all 374 (99.4%) mothers with children pairs were participated in the study. The magnitudes of zinc utilization were found to be 29.1% (95% CI, 24.49%-33.71%). zinc was less utilized by mothers who were having no formal education [(AOR=0.181, 95% CI: (.056,.591)], child age 6-11 months [(AOR=0.130, 95% CI: (.025,.683)], Mothers withhold food and fluid during acute diarrhea [(AOR=.185, 95%: CI: (.068,.502)] and no husband formal education [(AOR=0.050, 95% CI: (.020,.128)]. conclusion: In this study zinc tablet where utilized by the child with diarrhea, that is Less than the magnitude of national utilization. Mothers having no formal education, child age 6-11 months, Mothers withhold food and fluid during acute diarrhea and husband formal education, were significant associated factors.
Abstract: Introduction: Zinc with Oral Rehydration Solution was recommended for the management of children’s with acute diarrhea. Zinc can resist subsequent episodes of diarrhea for up to 2 - 3 months and decrease 23% mortality due to diarrhea. Therefore, zinc is one strategy to decrease child mortality in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, there i...
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Availability of Adequately Iodized Salt at Household Level and Its Associated Factors in Horro Woreda, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020
Pages:
20-26
Received:
22 November 2019
Accepted:
16 April 2020
Published:
30 April 2020
Abstract: Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) is one of the biggest worldwide public health problems of today. Even if the coverage of iodized salt in Ethiopia is irregularly increasing, the coverage of households that use adequately iodized salt in different rural communities of Ethiopia was low. A community based cross sectional study was designed to assess availability of adequately iodized salt at household level and its associated factors in Horro woreda, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia from February to March, 2018. Data was collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire. Multistage sampling technique was used to select households and data were analyzed using SPSS v. 20. Variables having p<0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression were entered into multivariate logistic regression analysis and finally, variables having p< 0.05 and 95% confidence internal (CI) were considered as significantly associated. The finding of this study revealed that about 23.6% respondents were utilized adequately iodized. The study also found that the knowledge and practice among participants was 63.8% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, access to information AOR (95% CI)=2.5 (1.1-5.55), wealth status AOR (95% CI)=4.7 (2.5-8.83), knowledge about the benefits of iodized salt AOR (95% CI)=1.4 (1.6-2.08) and salt storage place AOR (95% CI)=4.2 (2.33-13.54) were significantly associated with availability of adequately iodized salt during multivariate analysis. This study concluded that the proportion of households covered by adequately iodized salt in rural communities of the study was very low (23.6%) compared to the internationally recommended value to control iodine deficiency disorder (90%). Therefore, nutrition interventions through behavioral change communication (BCC) towards adequately iodized salt utilization and its practice should be strengthen by all concerned bodies to increase its coverage and to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders in rural communities of the study area.
Abstract: Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) is one of the biggest worldwide public health problems of today. Even if the coverage of iodized salt in Ethiopia is irregularly increasing, the coverage of households that use adequately iodized salt in different rural communities of Ethiopia was low. A community based cross sectional study was designed to assess a...
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