Cell Biology

| Peer-Reviewed |

Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited

Received: Mar. 15, 2018    Accepted: Apr. 08, 2018    Published: May 05, 2018
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Polyomavirus virions such as simian virus 40 (SV40), antinuclear antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and steroid hormones all enter the nucleus from the extracellular environment. Testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate labeled with 2 nm colloidal gold (testosterone-BSA-gold) is taken up by endocytosis into target cells, and enter the nucleus through a similar route as SV40 nuclear migration. Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei with intact antigenicity. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters to deliver exogenous macromolecules, e.g. drugs, into their target cell nuclei in vivo, although further studies are required on whether steroid hormones coupled with proteins exert genomic actions in the nucleus, etc. Finally, testosterone-BSA-gold seems to be isolated from the cytosol in the processes of nuclear entry. Together, these findings challenge the popular belief that steroid hormones mostly enter the cell in unbound form via uncontrolled passive diffusion.

DOI 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
Published in Cell Biology ( Volume 6, Issue 1, June 2018 )
Page(s) 9-12
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vesicular Trafficking, Macromolecules, Transportation Course, Nuclear Diaphragm, Target Cell Nuclei, Exterior of Cells, Steroid-Protein Conjugates, Intact Antigenicity

References
[1] Furusawa M, Yamaizumi M, Nishimura T, Uchida T, Okada Y. Use of erythrocyte ghosts for injection of substances into animal cells by cell fusion. Methods Cell Biol; 14: 73-80.
[2] Lanford RE, Kanda P, Kennedy RC. Induction of nuclear transport with a synthetic peptide homologous to the SV40 T antigen transport signal. Cell 1986; 46; 575-82.
[3] Hummeler K, Tomassini N, Sokol F. Morphological aspects of the uptake of simian virus 40 by permissive cells. J Virol 1970; 6: 87-93.
[4] Graessmann A, Graessmann M, Tjian R, Topp WC. Simian virus 40 small-t protein is required for loss of actin cable networks in rat cells. J Virol 1980; 33:1182-91.
[5] Yamaizumi M, Uchida T, Okada Y, Furusawa M, Mitsui H. Rapid transfer of non-histone chromosomal proteins to the nucleus of living cells. Nature 1978; 273: 782-4.
[6] Yamasaki L, Lanford RE. 6-Nuclear transport receptors: specificity amid diversity. ed. CM Feldherr. Nuclear Trafficking. Academic Press, 1992; 121-174.
[7] Maul GG, Rovera G, Vorbrodt A, Abramczuk J. Membrane fusion as a mechanism of simian virus 40 entry into different cellular compartments. J Virol 1978; 28: 936-944.
[8] Nishimura T, Kawai N, Kawai M, Notake K, Ichihara I. Fusion of SV40-induced endocytotic vacuoles with the nuclear membrane. Cell Struct Funct 1986; 11: 135-141.
[9] Nishimura T, Kawai N, Ichihara I. Interaction of endocytotic vacuoles with the inner nuclear membrane in simian virus 40 entry into CV-1 cell nucleus. Cell Struct Funct 1991; 16: 441-445.
[10] Nishimura T. Steroid hormones as transporters to carry exogenous macromolecules into the target cell nuclei in vivo. Am J Life Sci 2015; 3: 53-57.
[11] Chernomordik LV, Kozlov MM. Membrane hemifusion: crossing a chasm in two leaps. Cell 2005; 123: 375-382.
[12] Melikyan GB, White JM, Cohen FS. GPI-anchored influenza hemagglutinin induces hemifusion to both red blood cell and planar bilayer membranes. J Cell Biol 1995; 131: 679-691.
[13] Nishimura T, Nakano T. Vesicles in the subacrosomal space and partial diaphragms in the subacrosomal nuclear envelope of round spermatids of a rat injected intravenously with gold labeled-testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate: vesicular trafficking from acrosome to nucleus. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2002; 79: 15-23.
[14] Nishimura T, Favre D, Dürrenberger M, Michel MR, Ichihara I, Koblet H. Nuclear export of recombinant baculovirus nucleocapsids through small pore or nuclear-pore-like structure in Sf9 cells. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 1994; 71: 83-97.
[15] Hammond GL. Plasma steroid-binding proteins: primary gatekeepers of steroid hormone action. J Endocrinol 2016; 230: R13-25.
[16] Jensen EV and DeSombre ER. Mechanism of action of the female sex hormones. Ann Rev Biochem 1972; 41: 203- 230.
[17] Caldwell JD, Londe K, Ochs SD, Hajdu Z, Rodewald A, Gebhart VM, Jirikowski GF. Three steroid-binding globulins, their localization in the brain and nose, and what they might be doing there. Steroids 2017 in press.
[18] Gerard A, En Nya A, Egloff M, Domingo M, Degrelle H, and Gerard H. Endocytosis of human sex steroid-binding protein in monkey germ cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991; 637: 258-276.
[19] Gerard H, Gerard A, En Nya A, Felden F, and Gueant JL. Spermatogenic cells do internalize Sertoli androgen-binding protein: A transmission electron microscopy autoradiographic study in the rat. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 1515- 1527.
[20] Nishimura T, Ichihara I. Nuclear concentration of gold labeled-testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate injected intravenously in the hormone-target cells of rat. Cell Struct Funct 1997; 22: 433-442.
[21] Nishimura T, Nakano T. Nuclear translocation of gold labeled-testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate through the nuclear double membranes in rat spermatids. Cell Struct Funct 1997; 22: 621-629.
[22] Nishimura T, Nakano T. Nuclear localization of gold labeled-hydrocortisone-bovine serum albumin conjugate injected intravenously into the hormone-target cells of rat. Cell Struct Funct 1999; 24: 227-35.
[23] Nishimura T, Nakano T. Immunocytochemical localization of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the liver and testis of rats injected with testosterone-BSA, hydrocortisone-BSA or corticosterone-BSA. Cell Struct Funct 2000; 25: 161-169.
[24] Beppu K. An electron microscopic study of the steroid hormone receptor in uterine cells by the colloidal gold-labeled steroid hormone. J. Electron Microsc 1989; 38: 430-440.
[25] Okuda Y, Hashimoto K, Nakayama, M. Yamamoto H. Histochemical study on androgen receptor in canine testis by an androgen labeled with colloidal gold. J. Nara Med. Assoc 1989; 40: 625-629.
[26] Nishimura T, Nakano T. Nuclear localization of bovine immunoglobulin G (bIgG) in the liver of rats injected with hydrocortisone-bIgG conjugate intravenously. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2001; 78: 107-114.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Toshikazu Nishimura. (2018). Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited. Cell Biology, 6(1), 9-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Toshikazu Nishimura. Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited. Cell Biol. 2018, 6(1), 9-12. doi: 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Toshikazu Nishimura. Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited. Cell Biol. 2018;6(1):9-12. doi: 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12,
      author = {Toshikazu Nishimura},
      title = {Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited},
      journal = {Cell Biology},
      volume = {6},
      number = {1},
      pages = {9-12},
      doi = {10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cb.20180601.12},
      abstract = {Polyomavirus virions such as simian virus 40 (SV40), antinuclear antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and steroid hormones all enter the nucleus from the extracellular environment. Testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate labeled with 2 nm colloidal gold (testosterone-BSA-gold) is taken up by endocytosis into target cells, and enter the nucleus through a similar route as SV40 nuclear migration. Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei with intact antigenicity. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters to deliver exogenous macromolecules, e.g. drugs, into their target cell nuclei in vivo, although further studies are required on whether steroid hormones coupled with proteins exert genomic actions in the nucleus, etc. Finally, testosterone-BSA-gold seems to be isolated from the cytosol in the processes of nuclear entry. Together, these findings challenge the popular belief that steroid hormones mostly enter the cell in unbound form via uncontrolled passive diffusion.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Transportation Course of Macromolecules to the Nucleus from the Extracellular Environment: Steroid Hormones’ Cellular Entry Mode Revisited
    AU  - Toshikazu Nishimura
    Y1  - 2018/05/05
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
    T2  - Cell Biology
    JF  - Cell Biology
    JO  - Cell Biology
    SP  - 9
    EP  - 12
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-0183
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cb.20180601.12
    AB  - Polyomavirus virions such as simian virus 40 (SV40), antinuclear antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and steroid hormones all enter the nucleus from the extracellular environment. Testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate labeled with 2 nm colloidal gold (testosterone-BSA-gold) is taken up by endocytosis into target cells, and enter the nucleus through a similar route as SV40 nuclear migration. Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei with intact antigenicity. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters to deliver exogenous macromolecules, e.g. drugs, into their target cell nuclei in vivo, although further studies are required on whether steroid hormones coupled with proteins exert genomic actions in the nucleus, etc. Finally, testosterone-BSA-gold seems to be isolated from the cytosol in the processes of nuclear entry. Together, these findings challenge the popular belief that steroid hormones mostly enter the cell in unbound form via uncontrolled passive diffusion.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Japan College of Rehabilitation and Welfare Professionals, Nagoya, Japan

  • Section