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Production of Dental Inlay Wax Using Locally Sourced Materials in Enugu, Nigeria

Received: 27 December 2018    Accepted: 28 January 2019    Published: 22 February 2019
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Abstract

Dental inlay wax is a mixture of several waxes, usually containing paraffin wax, ceresin wax, beeswax and other natural and synthetic waxes. It is used to prepare patterns for gold or other metallic materials in the fabrication of inlays, crowns and bridges. Inlay wax is used for the same purpose as casting wax in the formation of pattern mostly for metallic casting in Dental technology. This study aimed at producing dental inlay wax using locally sourced materials in Enugu, Nigeria. The research was carried out between July to September, 2018 in Enugu, Nigeria. The study adopted a three phased experimental approach using the same procedures but different weight compositions. Structured, pretested Product Evaluation Data Sheet was used to evaluate the product by selected Practicing Dental Technologists in Enugu State, Nigeria. The resultant wax from experiment III with the following composition: 60g Paraffin wax, 5g Beeswax, 25g Carnauba wax, 10g Ceresin wax and (35g) of green ketchup colorant gave the best result. Its properties are comparable to the conventional Dental Inlay wax. There was significant agreement among the respondents in the smoothness of the product (40%); excellent dimensional stability and product effectiveness (40%); flow and burnout of the product (35%), and color stability of the product (45%). These findings suggests that dental inlay waxes can be produced locally in Enugu, Nigeria. Therefore, more attention needs to be paid in the production process, which will facilitate easy practice of Dental Technology, and also conserve huge foreign exchange being spent in the importation of inlay wax in Nigeria.

Published in International Journal of Dental Medicine (Volume 5, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11
Page(s) 1-8
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Carnauba Wax, Ceresin Wax, Dental Materials, Inlay Wax, Paraffin Wax

References
[1] Craig, R; Erick, J. D & Peyton, F. A. (2010). Restorative Dental Material. Properties of Natural waxes used in Dentistry, 13th edition. B. C Ames Company, Waltham, Mass. 1304-1313.
[2] William, W. C. (2012). Waxes: structure, composition, occurrence and analysis. James Hutton Institute, Invergowerie, Dundee, Scotland.
[3] Manappallil, J. J. (2003). Basic Dental Material, 2nd edition. New Delhi. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd. 29-30.
[4] Endlein, E & Peleikie, K. H. (2011). Natural waxes- Properties, Compositions and Applications. International Journal for Applied Sciences (SOFW Journal).
[5] Stephen, C. B. (2003). Fixed Prosthodontics. Chapel Hill, NC 27514.
[6] Darvell, B. W & McMillan, L. C. (2000). Rheology of Dental waxes. Dental Material. 16: 337-350.
[7] Jablonski, S. (2005). Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1st edition. Philadelphia W. B Saunders Company. 868-869.
[8] Anderson, J. (2013), Applied Dental materials, 5th edition, Backwellswentifio publication, Oxford London Edinburgh Melbourm.
[9] Anusavic, J. K. (2010), Philips science of Dental Materials, 10th edition. E. B sounder Company, London.
[10] Taylor, N. O; & Paffenbarger, G. C. A. (2008). Survey of current inlay casting Techniques. Journal of American Dental Association. 17 (4): 2058 – 2081.
[11] Taylor, N. O, Paffenbarger, G. C. & Sweeney, W. T. A. (2013). Specification for Inlay Casting wax. Journal of American Dental Association. 18: 40 – 52.
[12] Combe, E. C & Grant, A. A. (2002). Note on Dental Materials, 6th edition. New York, Churchill Livingston. 196.
[13] Baker, E. A. (2002). Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. In The Plant Cuticle. Ed. DF Cutler, KL Alvin, CE Price. Academic Press.
[14] Nasser, W. E. (2011). “waxes, Natural and synthetic” in Melcetta, John J. Encyclopedia of Chemical processing and Design. 17– 67.
[15] Wilhelm, R & Hermann, M. B. (2005)."Esters, Organic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
[16] Van-Aken, J. (2012). Distortion of wax patterns as Influenced by setting and Hygroscopic Expansion of the Investment. T. Tandheelk. 68: 583 – 610.
[17] Phillips, R. W & Biggs, D. H. (2008), Distortion of wax pattern as Influenced by Storage Temperature and Temperature of Wax manipulation. Journal of American Dental Association. 11: 27 – 37.
[18] Parish, J; Terrence, L & Shengrong, L. (2002). The Chemistry of Waxes and Sterols. In Casimir C. Akoh, David B. Min. Food lipids: chemistry, nutrition, and biochemistry, 2nd edition. New York, M. Dekker. 103.
[19] Freund, M; Mózes, G & Jakab, E. (2002). Paraffin Products. Properties, technologies & applications. Amsterdam, 2nd edition. Netherlands, Elsevier. 121.
[20] Warth, A. H. (2007). The Chemistry and Technology of waxes. 2nd edition. Reinhold publishing Company, New York. 2-5.
[21] Bogdanov, S (2009). Beeswax: Uses and Trade. Bee Product Science. 1-18.
[22] Bogdanov, S (2009). Beeswax: Production, Properties, Composition and Control. Bee Product Science. 1-17.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Peter Chidiebere Okorie, John Emaimo, Cynthia Otitochukwu Aleke, Samuel Chinonyerem Okoronkwo, Godfrey Nwangwu, et al. (2019). Production of Dental Inlay Wax Using Locally Sourced Materials in Enugu, Nigeria. International Journal of Dental Medicine, 5(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11

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    ACS Style

    Peter Chidiebere Okorie; John Emaimo; Cynthia Otitochukwu Aleke; Samuel Chinonyerem Okoronkwo; Godfrey Nwangwu, et al. Production of Dental Inlay Wax Using Locally Sourced Materials in Enugu, Nigeria. Int. J. Dent. Med. 2019, 5(1), 1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11

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    AMA Style

    Peter Chidiebere Okorie, John Emaimo, Cynthia Otitochukwu Aleke, Samuel Chinonyerem Okoronkwo, Godfrey Nwangwu, et al. Production of Dental Inlay Wax Using Locally Sourced Materials in Enugu, Nigeria. Int J Dent Med. 2019;5(1):1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11,
      author = {Peter Chidiebere Okorie and John Emaimo and Cynthia Otitochukwu Aleke and Samuel Chinonyerem Okoronkwo and Godfrey Nwangwu and Kenneth Nkemdilim Okeke and Chibuzor Stellamaris Okonkwo and Emmanuel Chukwuma Obiano},
      title = {Production of Dental Inlay Wax Using Locally Sourced Materials in Enugu, Nigeria},
      journal = {International Journal of Dental Medicine},
      volume = {5},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1-8},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijdm.20190501.11},
      abstract = {Dental inlay wax is a mixture of several waxes, usually containing paraffin wax, ceresin wax, beeswax and other natural and synthetic waxes. It is used to prepare patterns for gold or other metallic materials in the fabrication of inlays, crowns and bridges. Inlay wax is used for the same purpose as casting wax in the formation of pattern mostly for metallic casting in Dental technology. This study aimed at producing dental inlay wax using locally sourced materials in Enugu, Nigeria. The research was carried out between July to September, 2018 in Enugu, Nigeria. The study adopted a three phased experimental approach using the same procedures but different weight compositions. Structured, pretested Product Evaluation Data Sheet was used to evaluate the product by selected Practicing Dental Technologists in Enugu State, Nigeria. The resultant wax from experiment III with the following composition: 60g Paraffin wax, 5g Beeswax, 25g Carnauba wax, 10g Ceresin wax and (35g) of green ketchup colorant gave the best result. Its properties are comparable to the conventional Dental Inlay wax. There was significant agreement among the respondents in the smoothness of the product (40%); excellent dimensional stability and product effectiveness (40%); flow and burnout of the product (35%), and color stability of the product (45%). These findings suggests that dental inlay waxes can be produced locally in Enugu, Nigeria. Therefore, more attention needs to be paid in the production process, which will facilitate easy practice of Dental Technology, and also conserve huge foreign exchange being spent in the importation of inlay wax in Nigeria.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Production of Dental Inlay Wax Using Locally Sourced Materials in Enugu, Nigeria
    AU  - Peter Chidiebere Okorie
    AU  - John Emaimo
    AU  - Cynthia Otitochukwu Aleke
    AU  - Samuel Chinonyerem Okoronkwo
    AU  - Godfrey Nwangwu
    AU  - Kenneth Nkemdilim Okeke
    AU  - Chibuzor Stellamaris Okonkwo
    AU  - Emmanuel Chukwuma Obiano
    Y1  - 2019/02/22
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11
    T2  - International Journal of Dental Medicine
    JF  - International Journal of Dental Medicine
    JO  - International Journal of Dental Medicine
    SP  - 1
    EP  - 8
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-1387
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijdm.20190501.11
    AB  - Dental inlay wax is a mixture of several waxes, usually containing paraffin wax, ceresin wax, beeswax and other natural and synthetic waxes. It is used to prepare patterns for gold or other metallic materials in the fabrication of inlays, crowns and bridges. Inlay wax is used for the same purpose as casting wax in the formation of pattern mostly for metallic casting in Dental technology. This study aimed at producing dental inlay wax using locally sourced materials in Enugu, Nigeria. The research was carried out between July to September, 2018 in Enugu, Nigeria. The study adopted a three phased experimental approach using the same procedures but different weight compositions. Structured, pretested Product Evaluation Data Sheet was used to evaluate the product by selected Practicing Dental Technologists in Enugu State, Nigeria. The resultant wax from experiment III with the following composition: 60g Paraffin wax, 5g Beeswax, 25g Carnauba wax, 10g Ceresin wax and (35g) of green ketchup colorant gave the best result. Its properties are comparable to the conventional Dental Inlay wax. There was significant agreement among the respondents in the smoothness of the product (40%); excellent dimensional stability and product effectiveness (40%); flow and burnout of the product (35%), and color stability of the product (45%). These findings suggests that dental inlay waxes can be produced locally in Enugu, Nigeria. Therefore, more attention needs to be paid in the production process, which will facilitate easy practice of Dental Technology, and also conserve huge foreign exchange being spent in the importation of inlay wax in Nigeria.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Health Technology and Engineering, Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria

  • Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Health Technology and Engineering, Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy, Enugu, Nigeria

  • Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Health Technology and Engineering, Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy, Enugu, Nigeria

  • Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Health Technology and Engineering, Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy, Enugu, Nigeria

  • Dental Technology Unit, Regional Centre for Oral Health Research and Training Initiative, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Dental Technology, School of Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

  • Department of Dental Technology, Shehu Idris College of Health Technology, Markfi, Nigeria

  • Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria

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