Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Ramon Vargas-Vera; Martha Placencia-Ibadango; Kalid Vargas-Silva; Noren Villalobos Inciarte; Daniela Zalamea-Holguin; Saul Alencastro-Placencia; Eneida Encalada-Moreira

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11

Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Ramon Vargas-Vera, Martha Placencia-Ibadango, Kalid Vargas-Silva, Noren Villalobos Inciarte, Daniela Zalamea-Holguin, Saul Alencastro-Placencia, Eneida Encalada-Moreira

Published in International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science (Volume 8, Issue 1)

Received: 30 November 2021 Accepted: 11 January 2022 Published: 14 April 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Homocysteine is an amino acid that is a product of methionine metabolism, it is related to preeclampsia in 20-30%, the increase of this or hyperhomocysteinemia may result from the genetic defect of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase involved in the synthesis of homocysteine. Maternal mortality due to preeclampsia is up to 44% and perinatal mortality is reported at up to 27.8%. The objective of this research was to determine homocysteine levels as a predictor of preeclampsia in pregnant women that have 12 to 20 weeks. This was an observational, longitudinal and prospective investigation. The study population were patients attending the first prenatal care consultation between the 12^th to 20^th weeks, the sample was random and it included 360 patients from whom it was determined their serum homocysteine level. The study excluded 48 patients who did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria; it was found homogeneity among the patients, 270 patients (86.5%) had a normal evolution at pregnancy, 27 patients (8.65%) had gestational hypertension, 9 (2.88%) mild preeclampsia and 6 patients (1.9%) severe preeclampsia, none developed HELLP syndrome. Increased homocysteine levels were found in 9 patients who were not related to hypertensive pregnancy disorders. In the present research, homocysteine was not shown to be a predictor of hypertensive disease in pregnancy.

Published in	International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11
Page(s)	1-7
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Homocysteine, Pre-eclampsia, Gestational Hypertension, Hypertensive Gestosis

References

[1]	Burton GJ, Woods AW, Jauniaux E, Kingdom JC. Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy. Placentajournal.org [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 May 10]; 30 (6): [approx 9 p.]. Available at: https://www.placentajournal.org/article/S0143-4004(09)00066-6/fulltext
[2]	Fernández M, Fernández G, Diez-Ewald, Torres, Vizcaíno G, Fernández N, Narváez J, Arteaga-Vizcaíno M. Plasma homocysteine concentrations in pregnant women and their relationship with the development of pre-eclampsia. Effect of prenatal administration of folic acid. Invest. Clinic 2005 v. 46 (2) 187-195.
[3]	Leeda M, Riyazi N, de Vries JI, Jakobs C, van Geijn HP, Dekker GA. Effects of folic acid and vitamin B6 supplementation on women with hyperhomocysteinemia and a history of preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 179 (1): 135-139.
[4]	Cotter AM, Molloy AM, Scott JM, Daly SF. Elevated plasma homocysteine in early pregnancy: a risk factor for the development of severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 185 (4): 781-785.
[5]	Saleem S, McClure EM, Goudar SS, et al. A prospective study of maternal, fetal, and neonatal deaths in low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2014; 92 (8): 605-612.
[6]	Finzón Florez CE. Health expenditure, income inequality and the marginalization index in the Mexican health system. Pan American Journal of Public Health January 2014.35 (1): 01-07.
[7]	Vargas-Vera R; Villalobos N; War M; Placencia M; Leal L; Chiriguaya M; Lucero C; Vargas-Silva K. Risk factors and complications of pre-eclampsia in pregnant adolescents at the Matilde Hidalgo de Procel hospital. Rev. Latin. Perinat. 2020; 23 (1): 50-53.
[8]	Bajana M, Carrasco A, Zapata A, Ramírez K, Cuadro R, Ramírez M, Cordones M, Recalde K. Association of maternal age with gestational complications Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertensión. 2018; 13 (2). 52-61.
[9]	Allotey J, Snell KIE, Chan C, et al. External validation, update, and development of prediction models for pre-eclampsia using an Individual Participant Data (IPD) meta-analysis: The International Prediction of Pregnancy Complication Network (IPPIC pre-eclampsia) protocol. Diagn Progn Res. 2017; 1: 16.
[10]	Maged AM, Saad H, Meshaal H, Salah E, Abdelaziz S, Omran E, Deeb WS, Katta M. Maternal serum homocysteine and uterine artery Doppler as predictors of preeclampsia and malapplacentation. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017; 296; 475-482.
[11]	Williams PJ, Broughton Pipkin F. The genetics of pre-eclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011; 25 (4): 405-417.
[12]	Guven MA, Coskun A, Ertas IE, Aral M, Zencirci B, Oksuz H. Association of maternal serum CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha, homocysteine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 levels with the severity of preeclampsia and fetal birth weight. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2009; 28 (2): 190-200.
[13]	Secondi M., Flores L, Fay P, Almanza S, Villegas S, Barone G, Van der Velde J. Hyperhomocysteinemia and pre-eclampsia: a combination with severe vascular risk. Rev. Hosp. Mat. Inf. Ramón Sardá. 2001;.20 (4) 152-155.
[14]	De la Calle M, Usandizaga R, Sancha M, Magdaleno F, Cabrillo E, González Palomino A Hyperhomocysteinemia and pre-eclampsia. Progress of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003; 46 (5): 201-207.
[15]	Reyna-Villasmil AND; Mejia-Montilla J; Torres-Cepeda D; Santos-Bolivar J; Aragon-Charrys J; Reyna-Villasmil N; Bravo-Henríquez A. Plasma homocysteine in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia during pre and postpartum Plasma homocysteine in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia before and after delivery Prog. Obstet. gynecol. 2014; 57 (8): 356-361.
[16]	Nisha Bhatia, Hemanshu B. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Recurrent pregnancy loss. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017; 6 (7): 2919-2922.
[17]	Rasha Eltayeb Ahmed and Nour Mahmoud Abdelatif Ali Assessment of Maternal Plasma Homocysteine levels among Sudanese Pregnant Ladies with Preeclampsia J. of Multidisciplinary and Current research, 2018; (6): 126-128.
[18]	Mohini Paul; Annu Dabla. Estimation of role of serum homocysteine and serum folate in preeclamptic women at term pregnancy. Global Journal for Research Analysis. 2018; 7 (6), 7-9.
[19]	Andrey N. Gaiday Akylbek B. Tussupkaliyev Saule K. Bermagambetova Sagira S. Zhumagulova Leyla K. Sarsembayeva Moldir B. Dossimbetova Zhanibek Zh Daribay. Effect of homocysteine on pregnancy: A systematic review. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2018; 293: 70-76.
[20]	Vizcaíno Gilberto, Vizcaíno Jennifer. Homocysteine: genetic bases and its cardiovascular and cognitive implications as a risk factor. Invest Clin 2017; 58 (4): 406-436.
[21]	Santiso Ramos M, López Santiso P, Robert Companini L, Cabrera Espinosa O. Homocysteine, marker of vascular risk. Bibliographic review. MediCiego. 2016, 22 (4): [approx. 10 p).
[22]	López-Alarcón M, Vital-Reyes VS, Montalvo-Velarde I, Hinojosa-Cruz JC, Puello-Tamara E. Interaction between endothelial damage markers (homocysteine and asymmetric dimethylarginine) with antioxidant and group B vitamins in patients with preeclampsia. Ginecol Obstet Mex 2015; 83: 329-339.
[23]	Vargas-Vera RM, Domínguez M, Maldonado M, Placencia M, Vargas K, Villalobos N. Clinical predictors of pre-eclampsia in low-risk pregnant women. Rev. Latin. Perinat. 2019, 22 (3): 187-190.
[24]	Mujawar SA, Patil VW, Daver RG. Study of serum homocysteine, folic Acid and vitamin B (12) in patients with preeclampsia. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2011; 26 (3): 257-260.
[25]	Haram K, Mortensen JH, Nagy B. Genetic aspects of preeclampsia and the HELLP syndrome. J Pregnancy. 2014; 910751: 1-13.
[26]	Wadhwani NS, Patil VV, Mehendale SS, Wagh GN, Gupte SA, Joshi SR. Increased homocysteine levels exist in women with preeclampsia from early pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016; 29 (16): 2719-2725.
[27]	Sun F, Qian W, Zhang C, Fan JX, Huang HF. Correlation of Maternal Serum Homocysteine in the First Trimester with the Development of Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Med Sci Monit. 2017; (23): 5396-5401.
[28]	Liu C, Liu C, Wang Q, Zhang Z. Supplementation of folic acid in pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2018; 298 (4): 697-704.
[29]	Lapidus, A. "Hypertensive states and pregnancy" Consensus of Obstetrics. 2017 FASGO 2017 http://www.fasgo.org.ar/archivos/consensos/Consenso_Fasgo_2017_Hipertension_y_embarazo.pdf
[30]	Acilmis YG, Dikensoy E, Kutlar AI, et al. Homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 levels in maternal and umbilical cord plasma and homocysteine levels in placenta in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2011; 37 (1): 45-fifty.
[31]	Serrano N, Quintero-Lesmes D, Dudbridge F, Leon L, Hingorani A, Williams D, Casas J. Family history of pre-eclampsia and cardiovascular disease as risk factors for pre-eclampsia: the GenPE case-control study. Hypertension in pregnancy. 2020; 39: (1), 56-63.
[32]	Vargas-Vera RM, Placencia-Ibadango MV, Vargas-Silva KE, Toapanta-Orbea LE, Villalobos-Inciarte NE, Loor-Goya MA. Complications in neonates born to mothers with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2021; 89 (7): 509-515.
[33]	INEC. 2013 https://www.entaciónrencifras.gob.ec/catalogo-inec-2013-2/
[34]	Wright D, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, et al. Evidence-based aspirin test for prevention of pre-eclampsia: effect of aspirin on length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. I am J. Obstet Gynecol. 2018; 218 (6): 612.e1-612.e6.
[35]	Belay Tolu L, Yigezu E, Urgie T, Feyissa GT Maternal and perinatal outcome of pre-eclampsia without severe features among pregnant women treated at a tertiary referral hospital in urban Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15 (4): e0230638.
[36]	Liu J, Li Z, Ye R, Liu J, Ren A. Periconceptional folic acid supplementation and sex difference in prevention of neural tube defects and their subtypes in China: results from a large perspective cohort study. Nutr J. 2018; 17 (1): 115.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ramon Vargas-Vera, Martha Placencia-Ibadango, Kalid Vargas-Silva, Noren Villalobos Inciarte, Daniela Zalamea-Holguin, et al. (2022). Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science, 8(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ramon Vargas-Vera; Martha Placencia-Ibadango; Kalid Vargas-Silva; Noren Villalobos Inciarte; Daniela Zalamea-Holguin, et al. Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Clin. Sci. 2022, 8(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ramon Vargas-Vera, Martha Placencia-Ibadango, Kalid Vargas-Silva, Noren Villalobos Inciarte, Daniela Zalamea-Holguin, et al. Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Int J Biomed Eng Clin Sci. 2022;8(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11,
  author = {Ramon Vargas-Vera and Martha Placencia-Ibadango and Kalid Vargas-Silva and Noren Villalobos Inciarte and Daniela Zalamea-Holguin and Saul Alencastro-Placencia and Eneida Encalada-Moreira},
  title = {Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy},
  journal = {International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-7},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbecs.20220801.11},
  abstract = {Homocysteine is an amino acid that is a product of methionine metabolism, it is related to preeclampsia in 20-30%, the increase of this or hyperhomocysteinemia may result from the genetic defect of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase involved in the synthesis of homocysteine. Maternal mortality due to preeclampsia is up to 44% and perinatal mortality is reported at up to 27.8%. The objective of this research was to determine homocysteine levels as a predictor of preeclampsia in pregnant women that have 12 to 20 weeks. This was an observational, longitudinal and prospective investigation. The study population were patients attending the first prenatal care consultation between the 12th to 20th weeks, the sample was random and it included 360 patients from whom it was determined their serum homocysteine level. The study excluded 48 patients who did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria; it was found homogeneity among the patients, 270 patients (86.5%) had a normal evolution at pregnancy, 27 patients (8.65%) had gestational hypertension, 9 (2.88%) mild preeclampsia and 6 patients (1.9%) severe preeclampsia, none developed HELLP syndrome. Increased homocysteine levels were found in 9 patients who were not related to hypertensive pregnancy disorders. In the present research, homocysteine was not shown to be a predictor of hypertensive disease in pregnancy.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
AU  - Ramon Vargas-Vera
AU  - Martha Placencia-Ibadango
AU  - Kalid Vargas-Silva
AU  - Noren Villalobos Inciarte
AU  - Daniela Zalamea-Holguin
AU  - Saul Alencastro-Placencia
AU  - Eneida Encalada-Moreira
Y1  - 2022/04/14
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11
T2  - International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science
JF  - International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science
JO  - International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-1301
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11
AB  - Homocysteine is an amino acid that is a product of methionine metabolism, it is related to preeclampsia in 20-30%, the increase of this or hyperhomocysteinemia may result from the genetic defect of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase involved in the synthesis of homocysteine. Maternal mortality due to preeclampsia is up to 44% and perinatal mortality is reported at up to 27.8%. The objective of this research was to determine homocysteine levels as a predictor of preeclampsia in pregnant women that have 12 to 20 weeks. This was an observational, longitudinal and prospective investigation. The study population were patients attending the first prenatal care consultation between the 12th to 20th weeks, the sample was random and it included 360 patients from whom it was determined their serum homocysteine level. The study excluded 48 patients who did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria; it was found homogeneity among the patients, 270 patients (86.5%) had a normal evolution at pregnancy, 27 patients (8.65%) had gestational hypertension, 9 (2.88%) mild preeclampsia and 6 patients (1.9%) severe preeclampsia, none developed HELLP syndrome. Increased homocysteine levels were found in 9 patients who were not related to hypertensive pregnancy disorders. In the present research, homocysteine was not shown to be a predictor of hypertensive disease in pregnancy.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Ramon Vargas-Vera

School Career of Medicine, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Martha Placencia-Ibadango

Center for Genetic and Perinatal Studies, Cepegen, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Kalid Vargas-Silva

Center for Genetic and Perinatal Studies, Cepegen, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Noren Villalobos Inciarte

Graduate School, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
Daniela Zalamea-Holguin

School Career of Medicine, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Saul Alencastro-Placencia

School of Medicine, Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Eneida Encalada-Moreira

School of Medicine, Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ramon Vargas-Vera, Martha Placencia-Ibadango, Kalid Vargas-Silva, Noren Villalobos Inciarte, Daniela Zalamea-Holguin, et al. (2022). Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science, 8(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ramon Vargas-Vera; Martha Placencia-Ibadango; Kalid Vargas-Silva; Noren Villalobos Inciarte; Daniela Zalamea-Holguin, et al. Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Clin. Sci. 2022, 8(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ramon Vargas-Vera, Martha Placencia-Ibadango, Kalid Vargas-Silva, Noren Villalobos Inciarte, Daniela Zalamea-Holguin, et al. Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Int J Biomed Eng Clin Sci. 2022;8(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11,
  author = {Ramon Vargas-Vera and Martha Placencia-Ibadango and Kalid Vargas-Silva and Noren Villalobos Inciarte and Daniela Zalamea-Holguin and Saul Alencastro-Placencia and Eneida Encalada-Moreira},
  title = {Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy},
  journal = {International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-7},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbecs.20220801.11},
  abstract = {Homocysteine is an amino acid that is a product of methionine metabolism, it is related to preeclampsia in 20-30%, the increase of this or hyperhomocysteinemia may result from the genetic defect of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase involved in the synthesis of homocysteine. Maternal mortality due to preeclampsia is up to 44% and perinatal mortality is reported at up to 27.8%. The objective of this research was to determine homocysteine levels as a predictor of preeclampsia in pregnant women that have 12 to 20 weeks. This was an observational, longitudinal and prospective investigation. The study population were patients attending the first prenatal care consultation between the 12th to 20th weeks, the sample was random and it included 360 patients from whom it was determined their serum homocysteine level. The study excluded 48 patients who did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria; it was found homogeneity among the patients, 270 patients (86.5%) had a normal evolution at pregnancy, 27 patients (8.65%) had gestational hypertension, 9 (2.88%) mild preeclampsia and 6 patients (1.9%) severe preeclampsia, none developed HELLP syndrome. Increased homocysteine levels were found in 9 patients who were not related to hypertensive pregnancy disorders. In the present research, homocysteine was not shown to be a predictor of hypertensive disease in pregnancy.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Homocysteine as a Predictor of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
AU  - Ramon Vargas-Vera
AU  - Martha Placencia-Ibadango
AU  - Kalid Vargas-Silva
AU  - Noren Villalobos Inciarte
AU  - Daniela Zalamea-Holguin
AU  - Saul Alencastro-Placencia
AU  - Eneida Encalada-Moreira
Y1  - 2022/04/14
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11
T2  - International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science
JF  - International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science
JO  - International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-1301
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20220801.11
AB  - Homocysteine is an amino acid that is a product of methionine metabolism, it is related to preeclampsia in 20-30%, the increase of this or hyperhomocysteinemia may result from the genetic defect of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase involved in the synthesis of homocysteine. Maternal mortality due to preeclampsia is up to 44% and perinatal mortality is reported at up to 27.8%. The objective of this research was to determine homocysteine levels as a predictor of preeclampsia in pregnant women that have 12 to 20 weeks. This was an observational, longitudinal and prospective investigation. The study population were patients attending the first prenatal care consultation between the 12th to 20th weeks, the sample was random and it included 360 patients from whom it was determined their serum homocysteine level. The study excluded 48 patients who did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria; it was found homogeneity among the patients, 270 patients (86.5%) had a normal evolution at pregnancy, 27 patients (8.65%) had gestational hypertension, 9 (2.88%) mild preeclampsia and 6 patients (1.9%) severe preeclampsia, none developed HELLP syndrome. Increased homocysteine levels were found in 9 patients who were not related to hypertensive pregnancy disorders. In the present research, homocysteine was not shown to be a predictor of hypertensive disease in pregnancy.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download