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Current Status of Spice Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization in Ethiopia: A Review
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
163-170
Received:
28 October 2021
Accepted:
17 November 2021
Published:
23 November 2021
Abstract: Ethiopia is a source country for many spice exports, with a long history of spice. The average land covered by spices is approximately 222,700 ha with production reaching 244,000 tons per year. More than 50 spices are produced in Ethiopia, and a total potential for low land spice framing estimated to be 200,000 hectares. Spices are considered as minor crops their significance for Ethiopia can hardly be overestimated. Around 12 species which is originated Ethiopia or were introduced very long ago and are considered to be of important. The social, economic and technical situation of Ethiopian agriculture has changed drastically, with the introduction of advance cultivars into country genetic erosion is very likely to occur even in the group of minor crops. In addition extensive erosion of genetic resources of indigenous species with destruction of the natural forest and their habit threaten to the resources. Therefore to solve this problems conservation and utilization of spice genetic resources are crucial. Ethiopian biodiversity institute conserved spice germplasm in ex situ conservation such as seed gene bank and Field gene bank. In addition to this farmers also conserve the spice diversity in the Home garden. Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, since its establishment, has distributed seed samples to various users. Each year, the gene bank dispatch seed samples for local research activities. 75% of the users are research centers; followed by universities (17%), private researchers (6%) and others (0.1%). The tissue culture development has been taken by different research center and university. This review concluded that in Ethiopian different spice are produced under domesticated and natural categories. Building sustainable in terms of plant genetic resources conservation and utilization should be agenda of international as well as national conference, and also farmers should be educated on why they should conserve diversity in home garden. Ex situ conservation should be more focused on complementing in-situ conservation through in the genetic diversity of very rare species can be better understood.
Abstract: Ethiopia is a source country for many spice exports, with a long history of spice. The average land covered by spices is approximately 222,700 ha with production reaching 244,000 tons per year. More than 50 spices are produced in Ethiopia, and a total potential for low land spice framing estimated to be 200,000 hectares. Spices are considered as mi...
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Conservation of Wood and Restoration of Artifacts Against Wood Destroying Organisms
Obed Persie Appiah-Kubi,
Xinyou Liu,
Zhihui Wu
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
171-175
Received:
9 November 2021
Accepted:
1 December 2021
Published:
9 December 2021
Abstract: Conservation of wood and restoration of artifacts against wood destroying organisms has been the greatest priority of any woodworker so far as a man greatly relies on wood products to satisfy almost every need. Since the creation of the universe, wood-destroying organisms have been with us, and have over the years caused great catastrophes that bring bad memories to several people, notable is the dunes of Holland and Columbus. Many research papers have been written by scholars across the globe concerning this topic under discussion. Those materials either talk about insects that cause damage, or the processes of conserving and restoring wood and wood products. In bridging this gap, the study aims at educating people on how to control wood and wood products from getting entirely damaged by insects. In achieving this, the study sought to outline some common but dangerous wood-destroying insects, appropriate preservation materials, and the processes to adopt in controlling the damage. In this regard, the study adopted Content Analysis in the investigation, analyses, and composition of the concept. The study divulged that insect like termites, beetles, ants, bees, etc. as well as fungi and bacteria cause destruction or damage to wood and wood products. Preservation materials like lindane, pentachlorophenol, alkaline chloride, sodium chloride, fluorosilicates, boric acid, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate, tars, kerosene, Bassa, DDT, etc. were also revealed to be effective and reliable in conserving and restoring wood and wood products by the study. These preservation materials can be applied on wood and wood products by either; fine and coarse spraying, brushing, smoking, soaking or dipping, impregnation, injection, infusion, and so on. If the right preservative is selected and the right application method is employed, treatment will last to achieve the prevention of insects and restoring the damaged wood or wood product into a desirable form. The study is expected to serve as reference material in helping the general public, particularly woodworkers and users of wood items to know how to control certain insects attack using the appropriate, effective and reliable preservation material (s) by employing the right preservation process. As instructive research, the authors recommend extensive further studies be done by singling out each preservation material against the methods of preservation to help craftsmen and product users to know which preservation material is appropriate, its advantages and disadvantages for a particular work while employing the right method.
Abstract: Conservation of wood and restoration of artifacts against wood destroying organisms has been the greatest priority of any woodworker so far as a man greatly relies on wood products to satisfy almost every need. Since the creation of the universe, wood-destroying organisms have been with us, and have over the years caused great catastrophes that bri...
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Local Community Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Biodiversity Conservation: In the Case of Arjo Diga Forest Ecosystem, Western Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
176-185
Received:
2 November 2021
Accepted:
22 November 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
Abstract: The study looked at how residents in the Arjo Diga forest, East Wollega Zone of Western Ethiopia felt about biodiversity conservation. The Arjo Diga Forest ecosystem is home to a great variety of animals and plants; this area may be a major contributor to the country's conservation strategy. However, over the past three decades, the realm round the forest ecosystem has seen significant anthropogenic pressures. Additionally, identifying the assorted factors that influence the attitudes and perceptions of local communities about protected areas and therefore the value of biodiversity is very important for local people to support conservation efforts. Purposive sampling was employed to collect data from three kebeles, which were chosen based on their level interaction, community distribution within or near the conservation forest and forest dependency. A household survey, key informant interview, field observation and focus group discussion were used to gather data. The questionnaire study included 222 households in total. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data. To explore the important contributing elements for local community impression and attitude, the Chi-square test and descriptive statistics were used. According to the study, the majority of local household heads (48.6%) are unaware of the importance of biodiversity conservation. There was a significant difference in age (x2=36.216, DF = 3 and p<0.05), education level (x2=73.021, DF=3 and p<0.05), and annual income (x2 =90.75, DF=3 and p<0.05) in the view and attitude of the local residents toward the conservation values of Arjo Diga forest. As a result, it can be stated that age, education level, and income were the primary determinants of local community perspective and attitude. Furthermore, respondents report that farmland expansion (29.7%), charcoal production, and firewood production (21.6%) are intensifying, and that (55.86%) of respondents were not involved in the decision-making process, which could have a significant impact on biodiversity conservation sustainability. Soil and water conservation, as well as fencing, were among the important mitigation techniques approaches discovered in this study and used by local populations to conserve and develop the natural resource. As a result, urgent cooperation measures between biodiversity conservation management and stakeholders, as well as environmental education, should be addressed as part of a plan to protect Arjo Diga forest, taking into account these elements that influence attitudes and perceptions.
Abstract: The study looked at how residents in the Arjo Diga forest, East Wollega Zone of Western Ethiopia felt about biodiversity conservation. The Arjo Diga Forest ecosystem is home to a great variety of animals and plants; this area may be a major contributor to the country's conservation strategy. However, over the past three decades, the realm round the...
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Preservation of the Biosphere - The Basis for the Saving Civilization
Gabidova Alfiya,
Galynkin Valerij
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
186-192
Received:
9 September 2021
Accepted:
25 November 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
Abstract: The development of civilization has occurred and is taking place with the unprecedented destruction of natural ecosystems and the rapid reduction of biodiversity. Only in the last quarter of the XX century, due to serious global changes occurring at a high speed, the question of the limits of destruction and the role of natural ecosystems and life in the biosphere was raised. Unfortunately, until now, science and technology are aimed at maximizing the exploitation of natural resources, meeting the needs of man and society at any cost — the consequences of such an impact have led to an environmental crisis. Natural ecosystems form and manage the environment, but the permissible limit of their destruction has already been passed. Further total harmful effects will lead to the final loss of the stability of the environment and life in general, and, consequently, there will be a problem of the survival of civilization and man as a species. Technical landscapes of production, the destruction of life in entire regions, the negative fruits of human technical impact on the environment — it becomes vital to change the nature of human relations with nature. Vernadsky was one of the first to write “Man destroyed the virgin nature. He introduced into it a lot of previously unknown chemical compounds and life forms — cultural breeds of animals and plants. He changed the course of all geochemical reactions." Even the great philosophers of antiquity taught that "one can command nature only by obeying its laws."
Abstract: The development of civilization has occurred and is taking place with the unprecedented destruction of natural ecosystems and the rapid reduction of biodiversity. Only in the last quarter of the XX century, due to serious global changes occurring at a high speed, the question of the limits of destruction and the role of natural ecosystems and life ...
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