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Research Article
An Assessment of the Status and Factors Influencing Utilization of Brewery Byproducts as Feed to Dairy Cows Under Smallholder System in Northern Tanzania
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
52-65
Received:
11 April 2025
Accepted:
23 April 2025
Published:
29 May 2025
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in Arusha City and Hai districts in northern Tanzania to assess the status and factors influencing the usage of brewery byproducts as feed for dairy cows. A total of 110 respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The information collected included gender, educational background, farm size, main occupations, dairying experience, types of concentrates fed to dairy cows and factors affecting the use of brewery byproducts as feed to cows. The body weights of 76 selected cows were estimated using heart girth tape, along with secondary data collected from the farm record books on milk yield. Key informant interviews were made with industry supervisors in two beer processing industries in the two locations. Samples of different types of brewery waste and concentrates used in the study area were collected and chemically analysed, and the two-stage in vitro digestibility was estimated. The study found that farmers with formal education, dairy experience of 10 to 20 years, small farm sizes and herd sizes of more than 15 cows had a greater (P<0.05) likelihood of using brewery byproducts as a supplement to dairy cows. The values of crude protein (23.0%, CP) and nitrogen detergent fibre (51.8%, NDF) contents of wet spent grain byproduct (WSGB) were higher (P<0.05) compared to those of concentrates (12.5 and 28.8%, respectively) commonly used in the study area. The values of in vitro dry matter (63.6 - 65.1%, INVDMD) and organic matter (60.0 - 61.5 INVOMD) digestibility of WSGB were lower (P<0.05) than those of common concentrates with 81.5 and 80.4% for INVDMD and INVOMD, respectively. Cows supplemented with brewery waste had higher (P<0.05) values of milk yield (11.7 litres/cow) and body weight (363.5 kg) compared with those supplemented with common concentrates (9.4 and 341.6, respectively). The usage of brewery byproducts was reported to be influenced by insufficient supply in Hai District (58.82%), while in Arusha city, price fluctuations (29.4%), capital requirements (20.6%) and transportation (8.8%) were the most limiting factors. In conclusion, brewery byproducts are potential feed resources for improving milk production from the dairy cows under a smallholder farming system in Northern Tanzania. Further assessments of the economic profitability of utilizing brewery byproducts as feed supplements for lactating dairy cows managed by smallholder dairy farmers are recommended.
Abstract: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in Arusha City and Hai districts in northern Tanzania to assess the status and factors influencing the usage of brewery byproducts as feed for dairy cows. A total of 110 respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The information collected included gender, educational background, farm ...
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Research Article
Studying the Effect of Liquid Sulfur SC 80% on Cotton Spider Mite Tetranychus Urticae (Koch) in Cotton Fields of Golestan Province
Mojeni Taghi Darvish*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
66-70
Received:
29 January 2025
Accepted:
8 May 2025
Published:
18 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.avs.20251303.12
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Views:
Abstract: Cotton is attacked by several harmful factors during its growth period, the importance of each of them depends on the cultivar, climate and various agricultural and biological factors. Seed rot, seedling death, cotton thrips, aphids, bollworms, mites, leafhoppers, and whitefly are the most common damaging factors in the Iran. The use of sulfur formulations is very important for the management of diseases and pests. In this project, the effect of liquid sulfur on reducing the damage caused by the spider mite, one of the important damaging factors in cotton fields, was carried out with 6 treatments in 4 replications at Hashmabad cotton research station in Gorgan in 2022-2023. The obtained results show that liquid sulfur treatment with a dose of 4 per thousand per hectare after 7 to 10 days of spraying with an average of 56-72% effect on the cotton spider mite had the greatest effect compared to common poisons. Average of the highest percentage effect of liquid sulfur and tested acaricides on the cotton spider mite on sampling dates, liquid sulfur 2 and 4 parts per thousand with an average effect of 50.8-53.25 percent and acaricide propargite 1lit/ha with average effect of 47.08%. Therefore, due to the cheapness of liquid sulfur and its availability, it can be used in the integrated cotton pest management program in Golestan province. In addition, Liquid sulfur treatment with a dose of 6 per thousand per hectare showed burn marks on cotton leaves.
Abstract: Cotton is attacked by several harmful factors during its growth period, the importance of each of them depends on the cultivar, climate and various agricultural and biological factors. Seed rot, seedling death, cotton thrips, aphids, bollworms, mites, leafhoppers, and whitefly are the most common damaging factors in the Iran. The use of sulfur form...
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Research Article
Body Condition Score as an Indicator for Milk Yield and Milk Composition of Crossbred Dairy Cattle Reared in Tanga, Tanzania
Samson Jonass Goodluck*,
Athumani Shabani Nguluma,
Zabron Cuthibert Nziku,
Padreig French,
Sizya Lugeye,
Sebastian Wilson Chenyambuga
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
71-82
Received:
21 April 2025
Accepted:
3 May 2025
Published:
19 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.avs.20251303.13
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Abstract: Smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania predominantly keep crosses of Boran/Zebu and Friesian/Jersey/Ayrshire for income generation and household nutrition. However, in coastal areas hot and humid environment presents challenges for dairy production such as limited access to quality feed which lead to frequent cases of negative energy balance (NEB). Body Condition Score (BCS) is a key management tool for assessing energy reserves and metabolic status, yet information on its relationship with milk yield and composition in Tanzanian crossbred dairy cows is lacking. This study aimed at evaluating the association between BCS and milk yield and milk composition during the postpartum period in crossbred dairy cows raised under hot and humid tropical conditions. Atotal of 102 crossbred dairy cows from TALIRI and LITA farms were monitored over five months. BCS of each cow was scored based on a five – point scale (1=Emaciated and 5=Obese). The BCS scores were categorized into three groups, with group one, two and three having scores of 2.0 to 2.5, 2.6 to 3.4 and 3.5 to 4.0, respectively. Milk yield and composition (fat, protein and lactose contents) were measured daily and twice per month, respectively. Results revealed significant effects of BCS on milk yield and composition (p<0.0001). Cows with a BCS in group three had the highest average daily milk yield (5.86 ± 0.48 liters / day) and fat content (3.75%) while those with BCS in group one had the lowest average daily milk yield (3.60 ± 0.34 liters /day) and fat content (2.80%). Milk protein and lactose contents did not differ (p > 0.05) among the BCS groups. Body condition score had significant and positive correlations with milk yield, milk fat, milk protein and milk lactose contents. A one unit increase in BCS was associated with an increase of 1.24 liters for daily milk yield, 0.54% for milk fat, 0.1% for milk protein and 0.14% for lactose. These findings under score the critical role of maintaining optimal BCS to enhance milk production and quality in cross bred dairy cows. Therefore, smallholder dairy farmers should ensure that their cows achieve and maintain optimal BCS for sustained productivity.
Abstract: Smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania predominantly keep crosses of Boran/Zebu and Friesian/Jersey/Ayrshire for income generation and household nutrition. However, in coastal areas hot and humid environment presents challenges for dairy production such as limited access to quality feed which lead to frequent cases of negative energy balance (NEB). ...
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