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Research Article
Genesis, Dynamics and the Fate of the Solar System
Charles Edward Ng’hwaya Masule*
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
50-58
Received:
23 April 2025
Accepted:
19 May 2025
Published:
16 July 2025
Abstract: The pursuit for the essence of gravity brought a graphical model for radiant cold-heat versus distance and mathematical models for the planets’ axial tilt, orbital and axial period of rotation out of the Sun’s radiant heat and the distance therefrom which in turn brought the following results:- The Solar system is held and driven by cryo-thermodynamics. The Solar system’s Genesis Line is supported by North-South opposing sources of radiant cold to form the points of static equilibrium upon which the Solar system was molded in the dark. The constituents of the Solar system should realign themselves on the Genesis Line after the death of the Sun such that the dead Sun, the Black Giant, remains resting at the address which a black giant inhabited upon the failed metamorphosis of the Sun. The death of just one of the cold sources will cause the crashing of the Solar system into the dead source, the Dumping Hole, upon the push of the survived cold source. The nature of the Dumping Hole’s gravity is like that of the Black Giant in that it is a perishable result of a push instead of a pull to the effect that the Newton’s law of gravitation contradicts the Newton’s 1st law of motion. The Dumping Hole is massive distinguishing itself from a pair of black holes of immense pulling gravity which chased one another for a merger to produce gravitational waves upon collision. Radiant cold will neutralize the Sun’s radiant heat upon a head-to-head collision. The Sun’s heat of decaying strength with distance pushes outwards to cause the orbiting direction of the planets to be divided into prograde and retrograde depending upon the strength of the reaching-out resisting cold which provides the canvas for the planets to roll upon. Mathematically, the planets’ prograde orbital period depends solely upon the Sun’s push whereas the planets’ axial period of rotation therefrom is heavily influenced by the resisting greenhouse effect factor to the effect that Venus and Uranus exhibits retrograde axial rotation whereas the Martian Phobos and the Neptunian Triton exhibits retrograde orbiting direction upon the very same greenhouse effect factor. Imaginable is the navigation in the direction of flow of the cold streams to reach the Solar system from the outer Cosmos whereas reaching the cold sources requires harnessing of the resisting cold stream. A narrow genesis line greatly determines planet-less as well as binary star systems.
Abstract: The pursuit for the essence of gravity brought a graphical model for radiant cold-heat versus distance and mathematical models for the planets’ axial tilt, orbital and axial period of rotation out of the Sun’s radiant heat and the distance therefrom which in turn brought the following results:- The Solar system is held and driven by cryo-thermodyna...
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Research Article
Earth-moon Relationship and the Astronomical Implications of Tidal Wave Arrival Times
Charles Edward Ng’hwaya Masule*
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
59-67
Received:
3 May 2025
Accepted:
9 June 2025
Published:
30 July 2025
Abstract: The pursuit for the essence of the LIGO’s philosophy in the laser-based detection of a transient gravitational wave signal, the Signal, dated September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC and the pursuit to sift the September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC out of the LIGO’s event as well as the pursuit for mathematical models to predict tidal wave arrival times via Moon’s equinox times and vice versa brought mathematical models to calculate the Moon’s equinox. The Moon’s equinox time matches the tidal wave arrival time transition time, the TWATTT. The TWATTT will produce the TWATTT response time, the TWATTTRT, upon offsetting the former forward with a location dependent constant, the LDC, which closes the chain of variables for the prediction of tidal wave arrival times. The TWATTT shall exactly dovetail with the Earth’s equinox time when Earth, the Sun and the Moon shall happen to be in a vertical conjunction in the 2D plane. Support to discuss the results was drawn chiefly from the principles of radiant cold-heat transfer, from the principle of distance-based decaying of resources as well as from the principles of laser interferometry. The following results added to the cascade of results: the timing for the Signal’s detection, the September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC, coincides with a TWATTT, coincides with the date time for a new moon, coincides with the 01st Tishri 5776 on the Jewish calendar and coincides with the date time for a transient low air pressure at the LIGO labs due to the TWATTT-amplified tidal effect which should not be confused for the Signal. The Signal cannot travel through the Cosmos through vacuum for lacking the support of a sustainable continuous tension between Earth and a black hole, for the lack of fuel. The Signal as well as the Signal laser hybrid cannot be detected on laser interferometry for the hybrid’s lack of digitally detectable holes, for being analog in its nature. The LIGO’s strategy to house the detection facilities in a tunnel for the Signal’s delicacy contradicts the LIGO’s assumption as to the Signal’s strength to overcome the atmospheric resistance to reach the LIGO Labs. The LIGO’s detection facility has no control experiment in terms of a synchronized parallel running tunnel. The LIGO’s project is actually seeking to automate the capturing of tidal wave arrival times.
Abstract: The pursuit for the essence of the LIGO’s philosophy in the laser-based detection of a transient gravitational wave signal, the Signal, dated September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC and the pursuit to sift the September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC out of the LIGO’s event as well as the pursuit for mathematical models to predict tidal wave arrival times via...
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Research Article
Absence of Diffeomorphism Symmetry for Black Hole Spacetime: A Prelude to Black Hole Spacetime Being a Smooth Finsler Manifold
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
68-89
Received:
18 June 2025
Accepted:
16 July 2025
Published:
5 August 2025
Abstract: We propose another version of Black Hole information Paradox owing absence of Diffeomorphism symmetry for Black Hole Spacetime. The central idea is assumptions of semiclassical Gravity like locality, causality and diffeomorphism symmetry lead to another paradox. The paradox unlike many other recent versions of Information paradox is valid even at very early times. The possible suggestive way for the resolution of paradox has various approaches like validity of Black Hole Complementarity from the very begining or the principle of Holography of Information proposed by Suvrat et. al. We discuss some subtleties with these approaches in the local nature of splitting of Hilbert Space (in some pseudoprecise way) of the dual CFT. Being as conservative as we can, to avoid such subtleties (which have been addressed in the paper) we suggest that absence of Diffeomorphism symmetry for Black Hole Spacetime implies it being a smooth Finsler manifold. We will discuss what we mean by this and the implications of it. We also give a recipe for recosntructing Null Hypersurface for Black Hole Spacetime in a different way in section 3.6, 3.7 of the paper. We are also lead to notion of Finsler Geometry for Black Hole Spacetime owing to asymmetry of line element. We also find that the Null Diffeomorphism Symmetry group of 2 dimensional Minokowski spacetime admits a superspace structure. Despite analytical difficulty of solving coupled ordinary Raychaudhari differential equations and a consistency condition we verified the claim of superspace structure for Null Diffeomorphism group for Schwarschild spacetime.
Abstract: We propose another version of Black Hole information Paradox owing absence of Diffeomorphism symmetry for Black Hole Spacetime. The central idea is assumptions of semiclassical Gravity like locality, causality and diffeomorphism symmetry lead to another paradox. The paradox unlike many other recent versions of Information paradox is valid even at v...
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Research Article
Comparative Performance Analysis of IRI-2020 and AfriTEC Ionospheric Models over Ethiopia During Geomagnetically Disturbed Periods
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
90-105
Received:
27 June 2025
Accepted:
17 July 2025
Published:
5 August 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaa.20251203.14
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Abstract: This paper evaluates the comparision of IRI-2020 and AfriTEC ionospheric models in predicting TEC variations during geomagnetically disturbed time over East Africa in case of Ethiopia. In equatorial places like Ethiopia, the geomagnetic disturbance of the ionosphere can cause significant changes during disturbed time, which could lead to inaccurate position, timing data in satellite navigation and communication systems. For Ethiopian sectoral long-distance radio transmission, it is significant that the electron density can fluctuate diurnally, monthly and seasonally because of variations in the height and peak density of the F-region. To minimize this problem, we use the IRI-2020, the AfriTEC, and GNSS data. The IRI-2020 data predicted from the instant run version, the AfriTEC data predicted using the Matlab toolbox, and GNSS data were collected from the IGS network of ground-based dual-frequency GPS receivers across five Ethiopian sectors. By using geomagnetic parameters from omniweb data explorer, particularly the Dst index ranging from -70 to 20 nT for 2016. The results show a consistent daily and monthly correlation between the estimated TEC from both models and the GNSS, with notable seasonal variations. While the models showed good agreement across all seasons, discrepancies were observed in December and June. Seasonal equinox and solstice periods were particularly analyzed, with AfriTEC showing an overestimation of TEC by 2 to 5 TECU in April, yet having a lower root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.36 compared to IRI-2020. Finally, the diurnal, monthly, and seasonal statistical RMSE values indicate that the IRI-2020 model has the highest error, while the AfriTEC model has the lowest error. Therefore, the evidence shows that the AfriTEC ionospheric model gives a better prediction of the TEC and shows its superior performance in capturing ionospheric behavior during disturbed periods in Ethiopia. Accurate modeling of TEC is therefore essential for reliable long-distance radio communication in this region.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the comparision of IRI-2020 and AfriTEC ionospheric models in predicting TEC variations during geomagnetically disturbed time over East Africa in case of Ethiopia. In equatorial places like Ethiopia, the geomagnetic disturbance of the ionosphere can cause significant changes during disturbed time, which could lead to inaccurate...
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Research Article
Gravitational Tension - a Live Sustainable Thread upon the Pushing Between Two Partners
Charles Edward Ng’hwaya Masule*
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
106-111
Received:
6 July 2025
Accepted:
21 July 2025
Published:
18 August 2025
Abstract: This study pursued to derive a mathematical expression for gravitational tension existing between two gravitational partners upon the model of a sustainable thread of radiant heat existing between the two partners by first exploiting the only clue that Mercury and the Moon is under the state of being tidally locked in order to get intermediate mathematical models for radiant heat flow from Earth and from the Sun as functions of increasing distances away from these sources of radiant heat. The study had consequential pursuits to unearth the essence of tidal locking as well as to draw the limitations of the Newton’s law of gravitation out of the sought mathematical expression for gravitational tension. Last but not least, the study pursued to evaluate the mode of transmission under which the gravitational-wave signal dated September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC reached the LIGO (for Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) labs from the Cosmos out of a collision of two massive black holes. The study found the following:- gravitational tension is a multiplication product in W2/m4 out of two opposing streams of radiant heat exercised by two gravitational partners along their line of gravitational relationship. Mercury and the Moon is tidally locked because the strength of the Sun’s radiant heat reaching the Mercury’s surface is equal to the strength of the Mercury’s escaping total radiant heat on the Mercury’s surface and the same effect holds for the Earth-Moon relationship. Tidal waves are a result of the push from the gravitational partner. Gravitational tension gives the hint that gravity is a perishable result of a push. The Newton’s law of gravitation can be derived out of the mathematical expression for gravitational tension upon the fragile assumption that the less-massive partner’s push be elevated in that expression to unreasonably cause the less-massive partner’s distance to the synchronization orbit to be assumed to shrink far below the distance to the radiant heat decay pause. The consequence out of those assumptions is that whereas the mathematical expression for gravitational tension produces a value in W2/m4 to signify a sustainable quantity, the value out of the Newton’s law of gravitation produces a value in Newton without any information as to the sustainability thereof. Without a fuel, without a medium and without a sustainable gravitational tension between Earth and a black hole, the Wave cannot travel from a black hole to reach the LIGO’s labs.
Abstract: This study pursued to derive a mathematical expression for gravitational tension existing between two gravitational partners upon the model of a sustainable thread of radiant heat existing between the two partners by first exploiting the only clue that Mercury and the Moon is under the state of being tidally locked in order to get intermediate math...
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Research Article
Impact of Proton-Capture Reaction Cycles on Isotopic Oxygen (16O) Abundances in Stars from Galactic Open Clusters NGC 2324, NGC 2477, and NGC 3960
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
112-125
Received:
8 July 2025
Accepted:
21 July 2025
Published:
20 August 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaa.20251203.16
Downloads:
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Abstract: Elemental abundances in stars are crucial for understanding stellar properties and tracing the chemical evolution of galaxies. This study investigates the impact of proton-capture (p-capture) reactions on the abundance of isotopic oxygen (16O). We model the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen-fluorine (CNOF) nuclear reaction cycle under stellar conditions typical for advanced burning stages, specifically a temperature range of 1 × 108 − 2.5 × 108 K and a density of 103gm/cc. Our nucleosynthesis calculations estimate the final 16O abundance produced within stars under these conditions. We then hypothesise that this processed material is ejected from the stars’ surfaces via rotationally induced mass loss, enriching the surrounding medium. To test this model, we compare our theoretically estimated oxygen abundances, [O/H], with high-resolution spectroscopic abundances observed in member stars of three Galactic open clusters: NGC 2324, NGC 2477, and NGC 3960. These clusters provide well-characterised samples of stars with near-solar metallicities. A quantitative comparison reveals excellent agreement between our estimated and the observed [O/H] values for stars across all three open clusters. A statistical analysis yields a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.78, indicating a strong positive correlation between our model predictions and the observational data which has also been assisted by Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) values for each cluster. This result suggests that the specific p-capture pathways within the CNOF cycle, with the suggestion that factors like rotational mass-loss mechanism, could be one of the significant scenarios in determining the final surface oxygen content observed in these stellar populations.
Abstract: Elemental abundances in stars are crucial for understanding stellar properties and tracing the chemical evolution of galaxies. This study investigates the impact of proton-capture (p-capture) reactions on the abundance of isotopic oxygen (16O). We model the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen-fluorine (CNOF) nuclear reaction cycle under stellar conditions typic...
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