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Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas
Nsikan Affiah,
Sunkanmi Fadoju,
Idara James,
Ndifreke James,
Chimankpam Uzoma,
Emmanuel Opada,
Joseph Jasini
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
39-45
Received:
24 January 2022
Accepted:
17 February 2022
Published:
9 April 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11
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Abstract: The burden of malaria on human and economic resources cannot be underestimated. In the Nigerian communities where malaria is endemic, the impact on households results in the loss of resources, time, and health of the household members. Up to 97% of the population in Nigeria live under the risk of malaria and 76% in high transmission areas; 50% of the population estimated to have at least one episode of malaria yearly, with the incidence of about 2 to 4 episodes among children every year. The expenditure on malaria represents over 40% of curative healthcare costs with catastrophic impact on the microeconomic level where households are represented. The study set out to determine the economic cost of treating malaria and the health-seeking behaviour of households in Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive study among 640 households across the 3 Local Government Areas of the survey. Quantitative method was used to gather information and collected data were analyzed using SPSS software with the result on the cost of malaria treatment estimated using the prevailing interbank exchange rate of 197 Naira per SDU in 2015 and 379 in 2021. The results showed that 55.7% of households preferred visiting drug stores for malaria treatment. Total cost was made up of 44.7% of direct cost and 55.3% of indirect cost, with average direct cost of malaria treatment per household estimated at 8,563.77 Naira (22.60 USD) and the average indirect cost of treatment per household estimated at 10,437.09 Naira (27.54 USD). Average total cost for each episode (888) of malaria was estimated at 9,305.51 Naira (22.55 USD) while at the household level, the average total cost was estimated at 18,868.10 Naira (49.78 USD). In conclusion, low-income households spend 36% of monthly household income on treating malaria compared to high-income households with spending of only 1.2%. The cost of malaria treatment is well beyond the means of the households and given the reality of repeated bouts of malaria and its contribution to the impoverishment of households necessitating increase investment in treatment and preventive intervention.
Abstract: The burden of malaria on human and economic resources cannot be underestimated. In the Nigerian communities where malaria is endemic, the impact on households results in the loss of resources, time, and health of the household members. Up to 97% of the population in Nigeria live under the risk of malaria and 76% in high transmission areas; 50% of t...
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Factors Associated with in-Hospital Mortality Related to Severe Malaria in Children Aged 0-59 Months at the National Hospital of Niamey: A Retrospective Study
Djibo Sayo Adamou,
Aguemon Badirou,
Damien Barikissou Georgia,
Alkassoum Ibrahim,
Mamoudou Djafar,
Moumouni Garba,
Tokpanoude Ignace,
Aboubacar Samaïla
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
46-55
Received:
6 March 2022
Accepted:
29 March 2022
Published:
14 April 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.12
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Abstract: Severe malaria is a global public health problem and remains a major cause of death among children in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the study is to investigate the factors associated with severe malaria mortality in children aged 0-59 months. A cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 0-59 months admitted for severe malaria to the paediatric service of the national hospital of Niamey. This study concerned the records of children hospitalised from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2020. The selection was made by non-probability sampling for convenience. A total of 3300 cases were selected on the basis of the selection criteria, of which 131 deaths were recorded, i.e. a case-fatality rate of 4%. The frequency of hospitalisation for severe malaria was 24.84% The factors associated with death were patient age over 48 months (OR=8.14 p=0.034), lethargy (OR=7.34 p=0.012), convulsion (OR=3.26, p=0,032), maternal age over 30 years (OR=1.61, p=0.014), not fully vaccinated (OR=1.99, p=0.021), severe pallor (OR=1.82, p=0.002), hyperglycaemia over 7 mmol (OR=6.87 p< 0.0001), severe malaria anaemia (OR=2.79 p<0,0001). Other clinical manifestations were significantly associated with death: respiratory distress (p<0.0001), altered general condition (p<0.0001), coma (p<0.0001) frequency of seizures ≥ 3 (p<0.0001), coma (p<0.0001), malnutrition (p<0.0001), dehydration (p<0.0001), hyperthermia ≥ 39°C (p<0.0001), hyperparasitemia ≥1000 p/ul (p<0.0001) and hyperleukocytosis >12000/mm3 (p<0.0001). Severe malaria remains the leading cause of hospitalisation in paediatric wards with a frequency of 24.84%. The fatality (lethality) rate was 4.00%. The factors associated with death thus defined (age over 48 months, convulsion, lethargy), a reinforcement of the technical platform as well as a good malaria prevention policy (use of impregnated mosquito nets, chemoprevention, hygiene rules, etc.) is necessary for a reduction intra-hospital mortality of this pathology.
Abstract: Severe malaria is a global public health problem and remains a major cause of death among children in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the study is to investigate the factors associated with severe malaria mortality in children aged 0-59 months. A cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 0-59 months admitted for severe malaria to the p...
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How to Use Emancipatory Reflection to Guide Professional Practice at Work
Jian He,
Yue Wen,
Yi Zhou,
Chulei Ji
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
56-60
Received:
2 April 2022
Accepted:
18 April 2022
Published:
26 April 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.13
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Abstract: In medical practice, no one professional can perform the service independently. In clinical work, doctors and nurses need to communicate harmoniously and cooperate to effectively complete the treatment or nursing behavior for patients. However, communication between doctors and nurses is not as smooth as expected due to different statuses and unclear division of labor. Good communication is an effective guarantee for the smooth completion of work. On this premise, accidents can be avoided in the process of activities, and work quality and efficiency can be significantly improved. Reflection refers to the analysis of a problem from different angles, to conclude guiding future work practice. Taylor's reflective model is divided into four steps: construction, deconstruction, face, and reconstruction. Based on Taylor's model, the author reflects on his own experience by combining hegemonism, social criticism theory, and communicative behavior theory. Discuss the problems that may exist among medical staff and find the root causes through analysis. Further study on how to effectively communicate with doctors in the future work to reach a consensus, provide medical and nursing services for patients in the most efficient way, improve service quality and improve the doctor-patient relationship.
Abstract: In medical practice, no one professional can perform the service independently. In clinical work, doctors and nurses need to communicate harmoniously and cooperate to effectively complete the treatment or nursing behavior for patients. However, communication between doctors and nurses is not as smooth as expected due to different statuses and uncle...
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Patient Satisfaction as a Predicative Factor of Treatment Success
Elvedin Osmanovic,
Almir Jagodic,
Irma Ikanovic,
Mersiha Cerkezovic,
Halid Mahmutbegovic,
Nail Jusic
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
61-66
Received:
8 April 2022
Accepted:
23 April 2022
Published:
29 April 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.14
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Abstract: In order to achieve patient satisfaction, medical employees must work daily to improve the quality of work in all medical institutions. It is a process that aims to achieve efficiency in the process of working with patients, in order to achieve their satisfaction. Responsibility of providing quality and quantity of sufficient health care lies with health care employess including doctors, nurses / technicians, management, non-medical staff, but also those who use health care. Providing rewards and achieving the goals of healthcare workers is a condition for motivation. Institutions must meet the requirements of medical workers, but there must also be a political will as well in order for medical workers to fulfill their duties. The main purpose of the study is to explore, determine a direction (positive / negative) in relation to patient satisfaction with the provided / received medical care / service, that is, the quality of interaction (services provided), taking into account: medical personnel (doctors and nurses), access to the institution, and the environment in the medical institution. The study of patient satisfaction with the quality and safety of medical services involved 126 users of medical services in four health institutions. 120 interviewed patients have completed the questionnaire in total, 6 patients have not completed the questionnaire and 6 questionnaires will not be accepted for statistical processing and analysis. In our work, 83% of patients of both sexes are satisfied with working hours. In order to achieve a more significant improvement in the quality of services provided, it is necessary to organize a system that meets the needs of users and coordinate medical procedures for the benefit of users, increasing the quality of services to a higher level.
Abstract: In order to achieve patient satisfaction, medical employees must work daily to improve the quality of work in all medical institutions. It is a process that aims to achieve efficiency in the process of working with patients, in order to achieve their satisfaction. Responsibility of providing quality and quantity of sufficient health care lies with ...
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Neurological Complication After Spinal Anaesthesia: A Case Report
Fagbohun Omolola,
Opara Chukwuma
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
67-69
Received:
2 April 2022
Accepted:
28 April 2022
Published:
10 May 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.15
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Abstract: Background: Neurological complications following spinal anaesthesia are rare and often transient. It is difficult to ascertain the aetiology in most cases although needle trauma and local anaesthetic toxicity has been implicated. Patient often present with abnormal sensation, reduced power in the affected limb, sensory impairment and unilateral movement disorders of the affected limb. It usually resolves within a short interval without any definitive treatment. However presence of a neurological symptom post sub arachnoid block could herald a disastrous neurological complication. We present the case of a 35 year old booked (G2P1) lady who had emergency caesarean section under spinal anesthesia and developed foot drop and weakness in the left lower limb post surgery. We report this case to increase awareness on rare neurological complications such as foot drop following spinal anaesthesia which is hardly documented as a known complication of sub arachnoid block in our environment.
Abstract: Background: Neurological complications following spinal anaesthesia are rare and often transient. It is difficult to ascertain the aetiology in most cases although needle trauma and local anaesthetic toxicity has been implicated. Patient often present with abnormal sensation, reduced power in the affected limb, sensory impairment and unilateral mov...
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Integration of Family Planning and HIV Services: A Study of the Health Systems Factors Affecting Integration in Public Health Facilities in Lusaka District in Zambia
Luka Nkhoma,
Doreen Chilolo Sitali,
Joseph Mumba Zulu
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
70-78
Received:
11 May 2022
Accepted:
1 June 2022
Published:
16 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.16
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Abstract: Increased access to contraception by women of child bearing age still remains a global public health challenge. For instance, in 2017, 25% of women who did not intend to get pregnant were not using any form of modern contraceptives. The majority (21%) of the women who were not using modern contraceptives live in Sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted twenty-seven interviews with five policy makers, ten health administrators and twelve Service providers in Lusaka District in Zambia. The interviews were conducted at the Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health and at three first level hospitals. An interview guide was used to generate data and the data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The factors that were investigated included; leadership and governance, planning, financing for health, service delivery, human resource for health and monitoring and evaluation. Availability of human resource for health and financial support from cooperating partners were identified as enablers to integration of family planning and HIV services. The absence of policy guidance, limited physical space and lack of coordination were recognized as barriers to the integration of family planning and HIV services. In addition, lack of regular training for service providers, lack of donor flexibility on fund utilization and frequent stock-out of long-acting reversible contraceptives were additional barriers to integrating family planning and HIV services. The purpose of this paper is to document the factors which affect integration of family planning and HIV services in public health facilities in Lusaka District in Zambia.
Abstract: Increased access to contraception by women of child bearing age still remains a global public health challenge. For instance, in 2017, 25% of women who did not intend to get pregnant were not using any form of modern contraceptives. The majority (21%) of the women who were not using modern contraceptives live in Sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted twe...
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Influences of Genetic and Early Environmental Factors on Physique and Menarche in Young Japanese Women
Maiko Kato,
Minori Furusawa,
Mieko Kagaya,
Michitaka Naito
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
79-86
Received:
25 May 2022
Accepted:
21 June 2022
Published:
27 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.17
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Abstract: Background: There is not enough of necessary data on the relationship between the physical condition at birth and in infancy and the current status for Japanese women. Aim: To study the relationship between young Japanese women's physical condition at birth and in infancy with their current status and investigate genetic and environmental factors' influence on their physique and menarche. Subjects and Methods: Anthropometric measurements were obtained for 204 Japanese women aged 19.4 ± 0.5 y and their condition at birth and in infancy was investigated, using the subjects' "mother-and-child healthcare record book" (boshi-kenko-techo). Results: The subjects' birth height and weight were correlated with their height and weight at 1 month, but not thereafter. Their current (19 y) height was correlated with their height at 3 months and thereafter, and their current weight was correlated with their weight at 3 y. The subjects in the higher 3 y height and weight quartiles had higher current values of height, weight, waist, hip, bone mineral content, and visceral fat area. Weight at 19 y was correlated with the 1.5–3 y weight increase. In a multiple regression analysis, 19 y height was predicted by 1.5 y height, mother's height, father's height, and 3 y height. The subjects with earlier menarche (9–12 y) were significantly taller at 1.5 and 3 y, but not at 19 y; at 19 y, those subjects had also higher values of body mass index (BMI), waist, %fat mass, fat/lean ratio, and visceral fat area, but lower %muscle mass and %skeletal muscle mass. Height at 19 y was correlated with parents' height, but weight and BMI were not correlated with parents' weight and BMI, respectively. The daughters' menarche age was correlated with their mother's menarche age. Nutrition method differences in infancy (breast, formula, or mixed feeding) did not influence the subjects' current physical condition. Conclusion: Japanese women's height at 19 y was influenced by their parents' height, suggesting heritability. The women's 19 y weight and BMI were not correlated with those of their parents, indicating stronger environmental factors (probably lifestyle including diet and exercise) rather than genetic factors. Daughters' adult height but not their weight and BMI may be predicted by the infancy data in mother-and-child healthcare records. Daughters' menarche age was predicted by the mothers' menarche age, suggesting heritable factors.
Abstract: Background: There is not enough of necessary data on the relationship between the physical condition at birth and in infancy and the current status for Japanese women. Aim: To study the relationship between young Japanese women's physical condition at birth and in infancy with their current status and investigate genetic and environmental factors' ...
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Nutripreneurial Challenges for Nutritionist Graduates in the Era of Pandemic COVID-19
Atikah Proverawati,
Indah Nuraeni,
Pramono Hari Adi,
Eni Rahmawati,
Izka Sofiyya Wahyurin
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
87-93
Received:
5 June 2022
Accepted:
22 June 2022
Published:
30 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.18
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Abstract: Today, Health students are starting to be more interested in the field of entrepreneurship. Evidently, many graduates, nutritionists, have opened businesses in the culinary field. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has changed the structure of the community's economy, has had an impact on nutritionists to survive. This study aims to analyze challenges faced by nutrition science graduates as nutrition entrepreneurs in the COVID-19 pandemic era. This qualitative research with a phenomenological approach used indepth interview. The research sample was 6 nutritionists who graduated from the Nutrition Science Department at Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. The results showed that most nutripreneurs faced challenges, such as how to increase business capital, expand business marketing, get employees with good and appropriate abilities, increase product innovation, manage time in team work, and deal with business competitors. The success of a nutripreneurs depends on their ability to overcome challenges. From the research findings, in general, the challenges faced by these nutripreneurs are economic challenges, such as increasing business capital, expanding marketing, and recruiting the right employees, where during the COVID-19 Pandemic, optimal adaptation behavior is required. Therefore, nutripreneurs must be more creative in dealing with the difficulties their encounters. Entrepreneurial personality, technological opportunities, and incubation center resources were identified as the main factors influencing product innovation.
Abstract: Today, Health students are starting to be more interested in the field of entrepreneurship. Evidently, many graduates, nutritionists, have opened businesses in the culinary field. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has changed the structure of the community's economy, has had an impact on nutritionists to survive. This study aims to analyze challenges fa...
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